Over the years, the film industry has seen cyclical changes in the range of screen sizes, some dictated by film format, and some by exhibition economics. The small screens of the 1930s were eclipsed by the large-format screens of the 1950s; today, the “pillbox” screens of the 1970s are being supplanted by relatively huge screens for 35 mm film projection. The impact of large screens for audienc...

We describe the fabrication of a nanometer-size electrode based on an insulating TiO2 film and a metal nanoparticle (NP). The TiO2 film is deposited on the conducting Pt surface of an ultramicroelectrode (UME) to block electron transfer (ET) to solution species. The film thickness is, however, thin enough to enable tunneling to Pt NPs; thus, the subsequent contact of metal NP to the TiO2 film r...

Thermodynamic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to systematically study the size-dependent electrochemical response of solids. By combining the generalized Young-Laplace equation with the popular Butler-Volmer formulation, the direct influence of surface stress on solid film electrochemical reactions was isolated. A series of thermodynamic formulas were developed to des...

AuPd nanoparticles are formed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) by a nanosecond laser irradiation-induced dewetting process of deposited AuPd films. In particular, we analyze the effect of the surface topography of the substrate on the dewetting process and, so, on the final mean size of the formed nanoparticles. In fact, we used two supporting FTO substrates differing in the surface topography...

Thermally induced film wrinkling is a fabrication and reliability challenge for thin-film stacks consisting of a compliant film capped by a stiffer film. The current understanding of film wrinkling is largely restricted to thin-film stacks on blanket substrates. An understanding of wrinkling in thin-film stacks on patterned substrates is of greater practical relevance to the microelectronic ind...

Introduction: In radiotherapy, treatment planning methods are evaluating and transforming every day, so precision in calculation and determination of dose delivery process is performing more important role in radiotherapy than past. In modern radiotherapy treatments, deramatically increase of small fields utilization, causes the polymeric gels has known as the most reliable dos...

We report the growth and characterization of Cu nanoparticles thin film of on glass substrate by pulse laser deposition method. The Cu thin film prepared with different energy 50, 60, 70, and 80 mJ. The energy effect on the morphological, structural and optical properties were studied by AFM, XRD and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Surface topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed na...