Future wireless communication systems are expected to provide more stable and higher data rate transmissions in the whole network. Recent research shows that it is advantageous to use relay stations in wireless networks in order to satisfy that need. But due to the limited power supply of mobile users, it may be difficult for the users to act as relays. Thus placing additional fixed relay stati...

Gymnotiform electric fish generate distinct communicatory signals by modulating the rate of their electric organ discharges (EODs). Each EOD is triggered by a command pulse from the medullary pacemaker nucleus (PN), which contains pacemaker cells and relay cells. The firing rate of this nucleus is modulated by inputs from the diencephalic prepacemaker nucleus (PPN). The NMDA receptor blocker AP...

Electric utilities are expanding communications infrastructure due to increased need for information. Due to performance, price, and technological advances, digital communication systems are frequently chosen as this multiple user data network. This two-part paper describes the application of digital communication in power system protection. Part 1 describes the digital communications architect...

A capacitor is formed when a level-sensing electrode is installed in a vessel. The metal rod of the electrode acts as one plate of the capacitor and the tank wall (or reference electrode in a non-metallic vessel) acts as the other plate. As the level of the material being measured rises, the air or gas normally surrounding the electrode is displaced by the material’s different dielectric consta...

This paper reports the design, fabrication, packaging, and testing of a relay-type threshold accelerometer array. The array includes 15 different sense elements ranging from 10 to 150 g in 10 g increments, and triply redundant 20 and 100 g sense elements for a total of 19 elements. The devices were fabricated using a modified sacrificial LIGA technique that creates a 100–300 m thick nickel stru...

Power industry deregulation trend and proliferation of digital electronic devices are deeply affecting operations of power utility companies. Engineering departments, in particular, must deal with increasing complexity of existing applications as well as with emergence of new applications. Such an environment, creates many new challenges for protection system engineers. Use of new business mode...

Grounding provides safety and in some cases a return circuit for load currents and also an uniform distribution of the voltage on the surface of the earth at power plants. If grounding conductors are damaged, it may cause unintended protective relay operation causing feeders to be tripped. It can also result in failure of the grounding device itself, secondary circuits’ cables and structural el...

Transformer inrush currents are high-magnitude, harmonic-rich currents generated when transformer cores are driven into saturation during energization. These currents have undesirable effects, including potential damage or loss-of-life to the transformer, protective relay misoperation, and reduced power quality on the system. Controlled transformer switching can potentially eliminate these tran...

Using a monoclonal antibody raised against the R1 subunit of the rat NMDA receptor, we mapped the distribution of NMDA receptors in the brains of three genera of electric fish. On Western blots, the antibody recognized a glycoprotein of approximately 105 kDa throughout the CNS. On tissue sections, it strongly labeled a number of neuronal somata and dendrites in the medulla, with weaker immunore...