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objective: different signaling pathways have been identified that are involved in the cellular response to opiates. the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways underlying the neuronal response to opiates. micrornas (mirnas) are considered to be post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with paramount significance, which plays key roles i...

backgroud: protein-protein interaction, plays a key role in signal transduction in signaling pathways. different approaches are used for prediction of these interactions including experimental and computational approaches. in conventional node-edge protein-protein interaction networks, we can only see which proteins interact but ‘structural networks’ show us how these proteins interact which ca...

low glucose condition induces neuronal cell-death via intracellular mechanisms including mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signaling pathways. it has been shown that low glucose medium decreases neuronal survival in cerebellar granule neurons (cgns). in this study, we have examined the activation of jnk, p38kinase and erk1/2 pathways in low glucose medium in cgns. the cgns were prepared ...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) accounts for ~80% of legal blindness in persons aged 20-74 years and is associated with enormous social health burdens. Current therapies are invasive, non-curative, in-effective 15-25% DR patients. This review outlines the potential utility microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers therapy diabetic retinopathy. miRNAs small noncoding forms RNA that may play a role pathogenesis...

The cannabis plant and products produced from it, such as marijuana and hashish, have been used for centuries for their psychoactive properties. The mechanism for how Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active constituent of cannabis, elicits these neurological effects remained elusive until relatively recently, when specific G-protein coupled receptors were discovered that appeared to med...

Adhesion of myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells is now considered to play a critical role in chemoresistance. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism governing cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) of myeloma cells. In this study, we focused our interests on the implication of the Wnt signal in CAM-DR. We first screened the expression of Wnt family in myeloma cel...

introduction: carbon nanotubes (cnts) have shown enormous potential in neuroscience. nerve growth factor (ngf)-cnts complex promotes the neuronal growth, however, the underlying mechanism(s) have remained elusive. based on the interplay between ngf and the endocannabinoid system, involvement of the neuroprotective endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-ag), was investigated in the mechanis...

background and objectives: silymarin is a unique flavonoid complex with documented hepatoprotective properties. silybum  marianum hairy root culture as a source for producing silymarin has been an important strategy for study the cell signaling pathway. in the present investigation trichoderma strains- silybum marianum hairy root cultures interactions have been studied. methods: the effects of ...