OBJECTIVE To assess the evidence for the safety and effectiveness of antiemetics on gastroenteritis-induced vomiting in children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and EMBASE searched from 1980 to March 2012. METHODS Methods included comprehensive searches, data synthesis, meta-analysis and mixed treatment co...

OBJECTIVE To describe the health impact of harvesting tobacco and to suggest prevention and risk reduction strategies to avoid contracting green tobacco sickness (GTS). DATA SOURCES A literature search of Medline, Toxline, and Toxline65 with the terms "green", "tobacco", and "sickness" covering the years 1966-1998. STUDY SELECTION All studies, reviews, and commentaries that provided informa...

Dimenhydrinate (DMH; trade names Gravol and Dramamine) is a compound of diphenhydramine (DP) and 8-chlorotheophylline in equimolar ratios. DMH has been reported to be abused by humans for its euphoric and hallucinogenic properties but few studies have evaluated its reinforcing effects in animals. To evaluate the hypothesis that DMH and its constituents DP and 8-chlorotheophylline are rewarding ...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the characteristics of residual symptoms and to evaluate the effects of adjuvant vestibular suppressants on residual symptoms after successful canalith repositioning procedures (CRPs). STUDY DESIGN Individual randomized controlled trial. METHODS One hundred fifty patients with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo who achieved successful CRPs o...

[reaction: see text] A new access to benzhydryl-phenylureas is described. These new interesting urea derivatives were obtained by reaction of substituted benzils with substituted phenylureas under microwave irradiation. Phenylthiourea, when reacted with benzil, gave 3-phenyl-thiohydantoin. Moreover, benzylurea, as phenethylurea, gave the corresponding 3-substituted hydantoin derivatives, demons...

The leaving group ability (nucleofugality) of the pentafluorophenolate anion has been determined from first order solvolytic rate constants (k) of X,Y-substituted benzhydryl pentafluorophenolates measured in a series of solvents, by using the three parameter LFER equation: log k = sf (Ef + Nf). Comparison with other leaving groups reveals that pentafluorophenolate is a moderate leaving group, w...

Thirty-seven patients suffering from vertigo associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency participated in our prospective, single-center, double-blind, comparative study. Patients were randomly allocated to treatment with placebo; betahistine (12 mg betahistine dimesylate, one tablet three times daily); or the fixed combination of 20 mg cinnarizine and 40 mg dimenhydrinate (one tablet three ti...