This paper describes a methodology to explore the (future) spatial distribution of biofuel crops in Europe. Two main types of biofuel crops are distinguished: biofuel crops used for the production of biodiesel or bioethanol, and second-generation biofuel crops. A multiscale, multi-model approach is used in which biofuel crops are allocated over the period 2000–2030. The area of biofuel crops at...

Algae are an attractive energy source, but important questions still exist about the sustainability of this technology on a large scale. Two particularly important questions concern the method of cultivation and the type of algae to be used. This present study combines elements of life cycle analysis (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) to evaluate open pond (OP) systems and horizontal tubular ph...

annually, 200 ha of agh ghala rangelands in golestan, iran are under alkaligrass puccinella distans's cultivation but the failure in the identification of appropriate sites for seed sowing may result in high costs of cultivation. the current study aims to reduce such costs through the examination of apt sites to grow p. distans in northern rangelands of agh ghala golestan, iran. because of the ...

annually, 200 ha of agh ghala rangelands in golestan, iran are under alkaligrass puccinella distans''s cultivation but the failure in the identification of appropriate sites for seed sowing may result in high costs of cultivation. the current study aims to reduce such costs through the examination of apt sites to grow p. distans in northern rangelands of agh ghala golestan, iran. because of the...

A study was conducted to determine the magnitude of area shifting to different crops over the years, assess the profitability of maize cultivation and to evaluate the factors determining area devotion to maize cultivation in Bangladesh. Sample survey was done in five districts capturing both favourable and drought prone production environment. Two villages under each district were chosen in con...

ABSTRACT Spontaneous plants in vegetable growing areas significantly impact yield and costs, regardless of the adopted cultivation system. This study aimed to evaluate weed interference periods on profitability organic carrot under different sowing methods. Two experiments were set up [weed control coexistence, a randomized block design arranged as split plots (5 × 2), with five periods: 15, 20...

this research aims to study the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company. the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company has been studied separately for materials, manpower, machinery, and whole of company. in this study, traditional method was used to collect quality costs and paf model was used to determine the components of ...

Wave-mixed bioreactors have increasingly replaced stainless steel stirred tank reactors in seed inoculum productions and mammalian cell-based process developments. Pre-sterilized, single-use plastic bags are used for cultivation, eliminating the risk of cross-contamination and cleaning procedures. However, these advantages come with high consumable costs which is the main barrier to more uptake...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

The Coase theorem depends on a number of assumptions, among others, perfect information about each other's payoff function, maximising behaviour and zero transaction costs. An important question is whether the Coase theorem holds for real market transactions when these assumptions are violated. This is the question examined in this paper. We consider the results of Danish waterworks' attempts t...