On the basis of the theory of three-dimensional elasticity, this paper presents a state space finite element solution for the stresses in cross-ply laminates subjected to combined transverse and in-plane loads. The state space formulation is introduced to solve for through-thickness stress distributions, while the traditional finite elements are used to approximate in-plane variations of the st...

This paper discusses the effect of misalignments in ply orientation, uniform variations in ply thickness, and through-thickness thermal gradients on the post-cure shape errors for symmetric cross-ply laminates constructed from ultra-thin composite materials. Photogrammetry-based surface measurements are performed for laminates cured at elevated temperatures. Significant out-of-plane shape error...

A three-dimensional spectral element method SEM was developed for analysis of Lamb wave propagation in composite laminates containing a delamination. SEM is more efficient in simulating wave propagation in structures than conventional finite element method FEM because of its unique diagonal form of the mass matrix. Three types of composite laminates, namely, unidirectional-ply laminates, cross-...

Polarimetric optical fibre sensors have been embedded within the 0° ply and close to the 0/90 interface of transparent cross-ply GFRP coupons. The coupons have been subjected to an increasing quasi-static load so that transverse ply cracks initiate and propagate across the coupon. Crack accumulation has been monitored using the optical output signal from the polarimetric sensor, strain measurem...

Pneumolysin (PLY) is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We examined the ability of three murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PLY (PLY-4, PLY-5, and PLY-7) to affect the course of pneumococcal pneumonia in mice. The intravenous administration of antibodies PLY-4 and PLY-7 protected the mice from the lethal effect of the purified toxin. Mice treated with PLY-4 before in...

Abstract A dynamic mechanical thermal analyser (DMTA) was used to develop insight into the properties of bioinspired asymmetric helicoidal carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites as a function architecture using inter-ply stacking angles 0° (UD), 0/90° (cross-ply), 5°, 15°, 10°, 20°, 25° and 30°. Here, we show that CFRP are linearly correlated their oriented ply fractions between 45° ...

Fused Deposition modelling (FDM) technology is based on decomposition of 3-D computer models into thin cross sectional layers, followed by physically forming the layer and stacking them up layer by layer. FDM provide freedom to add material in the desired area and we are also able to create hollow region in certain portion of layer. In this way low weight with good strength single ply raw mater...