The previously formulated surface-enhanced SE Raman optical activity ROA theory is based on a multipole electromagnetic field expansion. The field of molecule and colloid particles is induced by the excitation light. Although this semistatic polarization is not the only enhancement mechanism, it provides a good basis for understanding of the phenomenon. However, the mathematical expressions bec...

Per- and polyfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic compounds composed of a fully or partially fluorinated carbon chain. Fluorinated surfactants major PFAS subgroup. Their widespread use has resulted in their release into the environment accumulation water. The sequestration from aqueous solution by adsorption is pressing challenging environmental pollution problem which necessitates surf...

This paper studies the UV-vis absorbance of colloidal gold nanoparticles at 400 nm and validates it as a method to determine Au(0) concentrations in colloidal gold solutions. The method is shown to be valid with restrictions depending on the investigated system. The uncertainty of the determined Au(0) concentration can be up to 30%. This deviation is the result of the combined influence of para...

Crystalloid and colloid solutions are used for resuscitation of the critically ill. One set of options, widely used today, are different preparations of hydroxyethyl starch (HES). However, the safety of HES regarding impairment of blood coagulation remains incompletely elucidated, a circumstance that limits its clinical use. Understanding mechanisms and potential differences between low-molecul...

The potential of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy in both laboratory and field analyses depends on the reliable formation of so-called SERS hot spots, such as those formed during gold or silver nanoparticle aggregation. Unfortunately such aggregates are not stable in solution because they typically grow until they precipitate. Here we describe the use of low-molecular-weigh...

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a common colloid in organ preservation solutions, such as in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, for preventing graft interstitial edema and cell swelling during cold preservation of donor organs. However, HES has undesirable characteristics, such as high viscosity, causing kidney injury and aggregation of erythrocytes. Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) is a branc...

INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that choice of fluid used for resuscitation may influence mortality in critically ill patients. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 391 intensive care units across 25 countries to describe the types of fluids administered during resuscitation episodes. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the association between patient, prescri...