The bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a central lymphoid organ of birds responsible for B-cell maturation within bursal follicles of epithelial origin. Despite the fundamental importance of the BF to the birth of B lymphocytes in the immune system, the embryological origin of the epithelial component of the BF remains unknown. The BF arises in the tail bud, caudal to the cloaca and in close associatio...

It is much more difficult to collect semen from small breed birds than large birds. The biggest reason for this situation that are very active and their cloaca smaller. To receive passerine birds, the must be in breeding season. Having females around during period will increase libido due male competition. Trimming hair both prevents risk of contamination provides adequate viewing angles. most ...

The study of associations between symbiotic bacterial communities of hosts and those of surrounding environments would help to understand how bacterial assemblages are acquired, and how they are transmitted from one to another location (i.e. symbiotic bacteria acquisition by hosts). Hoopoes (Upupa epops) smear their eggshells with uropygial secretion (oily secretion produced in their uropygial ...

The aim of this review article is to review the technique of laparoscopic assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP), its modifications, indications, contraindications and outcomes for anorectal malformations (ARM). LAARP was first introduced by Willital in 1998 and developed by Georgeson in 2000. Many modifications have taken place to reduce complications and to provide better functional outcomes. Recto-...

The cloaca/urogenital sinus and its adjacent region differentiate into the urogenital/reproductive organs. Caudal regression syndrome (CRS; including mermaid syndrome), a type of severe cloacal malformation displays hindlimb fusion and urogenital organ defects, thus suggesting that such defects are caused by several morphogenetic alterations during early development. The attenuation of bone mor...

OEIS is a malformative complex that associates an omphalocele, an exstrophy of the cloaca, an anal imperforation and spinal defects. Normal development of the cloaca gives origin to the lower abdominal wall with bladder, intestine and anus, genitals organ and part of the pelvis bones and lumbosacral spine. Incidence of OEIS is rare, thought to occur in 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 250,000 live births. ...

Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling has long been known to be important for the early development of the ventral mesoderm, including blood, vasculature and kidney cells. Although Bmp genes are continually expressed in the ventral cells throughout gastrulation and somitogenesis, previous studies in zebrafish have not addressed how the role of Bmp signaling changes over time to regulate ve...