The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an important farmed fish species in the Mediterranean area, very sensitive to the infection by encephalopathy and retinopathy virus (VERv), or Betanodavirus, which causes massive mortalities. Effective vaccines to fight the pathology are not yet available and in this work we describe a promising intraperitoneal immunization route against VERv of s...

a Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, and Fisheries, Block 12, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains Queensland, 4108, PO Box 156, Archerfield BC, Brisbane, QLD, Australia b Department of Agriculture andWater Resources, Building 114, Catalina Crescent, Airport Business Centre, Cairns Airport, Box 96, AAC Cai...

The complete nucleotide sequences of RNA1 and RNA2 from greasy grouper (Epinephelus tauvina) nervous necrosis virus (GGNNV), Singapore strain, were determined. 5' RACE and RNA ligation were used to obtain the complete nucleotide sequences of the 5' and 3' non-coding regions (NCRs). GGNNV RNA1 was determined to be 3103 nt long, containing an ORF of 982 aa, while GGNNV RNA2 was determined to be 1...

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a member of the Betanodavirus genus that causes fatal diseases in over 40 species of fish worldwide. Mortality among NNV-infected fish larvae is almost 100%. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of fish larvae to NNV, we exposed zebrafish larvae to NNV by bath immersion at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days postfertilization (dpf). Here, we de...

Betanodavirus infections of fish, generally known as viral nervous necrosis or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy, are a serious threat to marine fish farming throughout the world (Munday, Kwang & Moody 2002). The culture of betanodavirus has proved complex because most commonly available fish cell lines do not allow the growth of these viruses, as reviewed by Munday & Nakai (1997). The diffi...