There is a considerable body of literature and technology that provides access control and security of communication for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) based on cryptographic authentication technologies and protocols. We introduce a new method of granting access and securing communication in a MANET environment to augment, not replace, existing techniques. Previous approaches grant access to t...

Bartering of commodities between individuals is a hallmark of human behavior that is not commonly seen in other species. This is difficult to explain because barter is mutually beneficial and appears to be within the cognitive capabilities of many species. It may be that other species do not recognize the gains of trade, or that they do not experience conditions (e.g., low risk) in which barter...

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Market is in many respects distinct from barter. This distinction needs to be emphasized, because the conventional theory treats market and barter erroneously as the same. Barter is essentially bilateral in nature. It requires the reciprocity of supply and demand. The supplier has to demand the good that the demander of his goods offers and vice versa. Further, when both—the supplier and the de...