there are controversial reports about the effect of captopril on pain modulation. also while captopril may potentiate morphine analgesia, enalapril has not such an effect and interaction of morphine with angiotensin ii receptor antagonists and other angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has not been studied yet. therefore, this study was designed to assess the effect of captopril, lisinopril...

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Milestones in understanding the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) until the development of angiotensin II antagonists are described briefly. Sites at which the RAS might be blocked are outlined. PEPTIDE ANALOGUE ANTAGONISTS OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTORS Saralasin-like compounds were used in numerous experimental and clinical situations and clarified the role of the RAS. Some of...

CONTEXT Patients with heart failure have a wide spectrum of mortality risks. To maximize the benefit of available pharmacotherapies, patients with high mortality risk should receive high rates of drug therapy. OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of drug therapy and underlying mortality risk in patients with heart failure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS In the Enhanced Feedback for Effective Cardia...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multisystem and multifactor disease with a long no-symptom stage. We propose that a more effective approach to use fMRI as a still emerging, repeatable, non- invasive neuroimaging tools that can be very useful for evaluating, diagnosis, treatment and drugs- development. We studied 30 articles which published between 2008-2017 that included the effects of different bi...

BACKGROUND Critically ill patients may develop bleeding caused by stress ulceration. Acid suppression is commonly prescribed for patients at risk of stress ulcer bleeding. Whether proton pump inhibitors are more effective than histamine 2 receptor antagonists is unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors vs. histamine 2 receptor antagonists for the prev...

in the present study, the effect of gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor agonists and antagonists on morphine-induced antinociception was investigated in formalin test in rats. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of different doses of morphine (1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of different doses of muscimol (0.5, 1 and 2 g/rat) or baclofen (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/rat) ...