The precision imaging to be attained by the ALMA will be achieved through accurate calibration. The types of calibration are summarized in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 ALMA Calibration Requirements. Pointing 0.6" absolute Primary Beam 2-3% Baseline Determination 0.1 mm Flux Calibration 1% absolute flux accuracy goal Phase Calibration 0.15 radian at 230 GHz Bandpass Calibration 10000:1 to 100000:1 Polar...

Major advancements have been made in the field of object detection and segmentation recently. However, when it comes to rare categories, state-of-the-art methods fail detect them, resulting a significant performance gap between frequent categories. In this paper, we identify that Sigmoid or Softmax functions used deep detectors are major reason for low sub-optimal long-tailed segmentation. To a...

The paper analyzes formulations in the area of international health at the time of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan, in 1978. It is set within the context of the broader debate on development and international cooperation throughout the 1970s. Three sets of concepts and prescriptive formulations were examined namely: the New International Economi...

ALMA is a worldwide project, the synthesis of early visions of astronomers in its three partner communities, Europe, North America, and Japan. The evolution of these concepts and their eventual merger into ALMA are discussed, setting the background for the papers which follow on the scientific requirements and expected performance of ALMA for extra-galactic, galactic, and solar system research.

The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) has identified large numbers of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) over a wide range in redshift. A detailed understanding of these DSFGs is hampered by the limited spatial resolution of Herschel. We present 870 μm 0 45 resolution imaging obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of a sample of 29 HerMES DSFGs ...

With over 600 receiver cartridges, ALMA will have several thousand SMA connectors, many of which will be subjected to periodic cryogenic cooling. At present, ALMA has no specifications on the proper torquing of SMA connectors nor on whether any type of staking should be used. This note summarizes the experience of a number of engineers involved with receiver construction for radio astronomy and...

This study presents the ALMA environment (Adaptive Learning Models from texts and Activities). ALMA supports the processes of learning and assessment via: (1) texts differing in local and global cohesion for students with low, medium, and high background knowledge; (2) activities corresponding to different levels of comprehension which prompt the student to practically implement different text-...

1 Introduction This report describes the final results of integrating virtual reality graphics, sound, and user interface technology with ALMA sound synthesis into a virtual instrument. In effect, the report summarizes months 9-33 of ALMA activities at the Telecommunications Software and The parameters of physical sound models can be altered while playing, which creates the need for controllers...

Fuzzy rules optimization is a crucial step in the development of a fuzzy model. A simple two inputs fuzzy model will have more than ten thousand possible combinations of fuzzy rules. A fuzzy designer normally uses intuition and trial and error method for the rules assignment. This paper is devoted to the development and implementation of genetic optimization library (GOL) to obtain the optimum ...