All atomic force microscope (AFM) images suffer from distortions, which are principally produced by the interaction between the measured sample and the AFM tip. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a very important instrument for use in nanotechnology and biology since it can be used to measure a wide variety of objects, such as nano-particles and cells, either in air or liquid. However, the im...

Further developments of the previously reported high-speed contact-mode AFM are described. The technique is applied to the imaging of human chromosomes at video rate both in air and in water. These are the largest structures to have been imaged with high-speed AFM and the first imaging in liquid to be reported. A possible mechanism that allows such high-speed contact-mode imaging without signif...

We use an atomic force microscope (AFM) to manipulate graphene films on a nanoscopic length scale. By means of local anodic oxidation with an AFM we are able to structure isolating trenches into single-layer and few-layer graphene flakes, opening the possibility of tabletop graphene based device fabrication. Trench sizes of less than 30 nm in width are attainable with this technique. Besides ox...

Introduction and Review Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Spectroscopy is an AFM based technique to measure, and sometimes control the polarity and strength of the interaction between the AFM tip and the sample. Although the tip-sample interaction may be studied in terms of the energy, the quantity that is measured first is always the tip-sample force, and thus the nomenclature: force spectroscopy....

We describe a novel application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to directly visualize cytoskeletal fibers in human foreskin epithelial cells. The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 in a low concentration was used to remove the membrane, soluble proteins, and organelles from the cell. The remaining cytoskeleton can then be directly visualized in either liquid or air-dried ambient conditions. These...

Scanning Probe Microscopy has been routinely employed as a surface characterization technique for nearly 20 years. Atomic Force Microscopy is the most widely used subset of SPM, which can be used in ambient conditions with minimum sample preparation. AFM is able to measure three-dimensional topography information from the angstrom level to the micron scale with unprecedented resolution. This pa...

We report a systematic study to determine local elastic properties of surfaces combining atomic force microscope (AFM) with acoustic waves which is known as atomic force acoustic microscopy-AFAM. We describe the methodology of AFAM in detail and interpret the measurement using simple arguments and other complementary measurements using AFM. We have used a few selected samples to elucidate the c...

Recently, the isolation and biochemical analysis of DNA at the single-molecule level has been recognized as very important for genetic research and clinical analysis. A unique technique for the positioning, dissection, and isolation of single DNA molecules using atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been demonstrated. Full-length genome DNA molecules were first deposited and stretched by a modified...

One of the most important challenges in polyurethane (PU) science is characterization of foam morphologies, which provides information to help understand material properties and improve synthesis conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a very useful technique to obtain such information. A key challenge is to apply this technique to PU foams without destroying their cell structure. In this ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a recently developed technique that allows for the investigation of the surface morphology of a biological specimen at an unprecedented level of resolution. The aim of the present study was to explore some of the new opportunities offered by AFM by studying the morphological and surface alterations induced in Escherichia coli by supra-MICs and sub-MICs of a beta...