Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique has been used to study two Rupee Indian coins minted during the period 1993 to 2010 for their elemental concentrations. From the analysis of the coins, it is found that the coins are made of binary alloy and it was observed that from 2005 onwards, the composition of the coins has been changed from Cupro-Nickel to Ferritic Stainless Steel (F...

ion can overcome the deficit of the power of modern computers and solve the metaprogram problem: let’s consider amounts of coins instead of coin numbers. This idea is natural: when somebody is solving puzzles he/she operates in terms of amounts of coins of different kinds not in terms of their numbers! Let us present this hint in formal terms as an abstract model game(N,M) (N ≥ 1, M ≥ 0). Posit...

Automatic image classification algorithms can support coin experts in their analysis and study of coins. These algorithms take digital images of coins as input and generate a class as output. Automatic classification proceeds in two stages. In the feature-extraction stage, the image is transformed into a compact representation that contains information on the presence of features. In the classi...

For hundreds of years, supplies of coins in Europe emerged, via a curious mechanism, from voluntary decisions of owners of old coins and bullion to exchange them at mints for new coins. Mints were sometimes private enterprises, licensed to produce on demand a list of coins whose design and neness was speciied by the sovereign. Citizens were free to take metal to the mint 1 to purchase newly min...

 When an individual make a cash payment, he needs to consider about the amount to be paid, the coins and banknotes which are available and amount of change. For central banks and retailers, it is of interest to understand how this individual choice process works. The literature of currency use concerns primarily theory given certain assumptions which can present appreciate denomination r...

A COllective INtelligence (COIN) is a set of interacting reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms designed in an automated fashion so that their collective behavior optimizes a global utility function. We summarize the theory of COINs, then present experiments using that theory to design COINs to control internet traffic routing. These experiments indicate that COINs outperform all previously inv...

Monero is a privacy-centric cryptocurrency that allows users to obscure their transactions by including chaff coins, called “mixins,” along with the actual coins they spend. In this paper, we empirically evaluate two weaknesses in Monero’s mixin sampling strategy. First, about 62% of transaction inputs with one or more mixins are vulnerable to “chain-reaction” analysis — that is, the real input...

Electronic payment systems based on anonymous coins have been invented as a digital equivalent to physical banknotes. However, von Solms and Naccache discovered that such anonymous coins are also very well suited to support criminals in blackmailing. In this paper we present a payment system, which has an efficient tracing and revocation mechanism for blackmailed coins. The used tracing method ...

OBJECTIVE Evaluate safety of the procedure of removing coins from the esophagus in children by Foley's catheter without fluoroscopic control. DESIGN Retrospective case-series. SETTING Tertiary care referral hospital, during 1992-94. SUBJECTS 302 consecutive children with coins impacted in the esophagus who presented to the hospital. RESULTS Coins were successfully removed in 283 (93.7%)...

Coins are frequently used in everyday life at various places like in banks, grocery stores, supermarkets, automated weighing machines, vending machines etc. So, there is a basic need to automate the counting and sorting of coins. For this machines need to recognize the coins very fast and accurately, as further transaction processing depends on this recognition. Three types of systems are avail...