Western North American landscapes are rapidly being transformed by forest die-off caused by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), with implications for plant and soil communities. The mechanisms that drive changes in soil community structure, particularly for the highly prevalent ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine forests, are complex and intertwined. Critical to enhancing understanding wi...

The tree species composition of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) in north-eastern and central Brazil is analyzed to address the following hypotheses: (1) variations in species composition are related to both environment (climate and substrate) and spatial proximity; (2) SDTF floristic units may be recognized based on peculiar composition and environment; and (3) the Arboreal Caatinga, a d...

ABSTRACT: Olives belong to the family of olea europaea L. is a popular fruit tree. The fruit and the oil extracted from it is consumed worldwide particularly in the Mediterranean regions. In this study changes in the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from olive fruit during the course of maturation is investigated. This work is concerned with the best harvesting point when oleic acid ...

I-language over simple type structure is considered. Type Y== (0 --t (0 -+ 0)) + (0 -+ 0) is called a binary tree type because of the isomorphism between binary trees and closed terms of this type. Therefore any closed term of type Y+(Y-P ... -P (Y + Y) ) represents an n-ary tree function. The problem is to characterize tree operations represented by the closed terms of the examined type. It is...

Nitrogen availability and tree species selection play important roles in reforestation. However, long-term field studies on the effects and mechanisms of tree species composition on N transformation are very limited. Eight years after tree seedlings were planted in a field experiment, we revisited the site and tested how tree species composition affects the dynamics of N mineralization and nitr...

We completely characterise the complexity in the decision tree model of computing composite relations of the form h = g◦ ( f 1, . . . , f n), where each relation f i is booleanvalued. Immediate corollaries include a direct sum theorem for decision tree complexity and a tight characterisation of the decision tree complexity of iterated boolean functions.

Using historical General Land Office record as a reference, this study employed a landscape-scale disturbance and succession model to estimate the future cumulative effects of six alternative management plans on the tree species composition for various physiographic settings for the Mark Twain National Forest in Missouri. The results indicate that over a 200-year horizon, the relative abundance...

We generalize bottom-up tree transducers and top-down tree transducers to the concept of bottom-up tree series transducer and top-down tree series transducer, respectively, by allowing formal tree series as output rather than trees, where a formal tree series is a mapping from output trees to some semiring. We associate two semantics with a tree series transducer: a mapping which transforms tre...

Flexible composition is an extension of TAG that has been used in a variety of TAG-analyses. In this paper, we present a dedicated study of the formal and linguistic properties of TAGs with flexible composition (TAG-FC). We start by presenting a survey of existing applications of flexible composition. In the main part of the paper, we discuss a formal definition of TAGFCs and give a proof of eq...

ion from Y yields T∆+AI(QX) (r̂)X ←−−−− AI ( Q(ΣX)). Now we need the coproduct of monads: With T∆ = |∆ | and Lemma 6.2.4.1 we can write the rule as |∆ + ( AI(QX) )? | (r̂)X ←−−−− AI ( Q(ΣX)). Abstracting from X gives using from X gives us | | · (∆ + ) · ( ) · AI · Q r̂ ←−− AI · Q · Σ. We have the adjunctions Q a U and AI a ΛI as in Subsection 6.4.3 and ( ) ? a | | from Corollary 4.4.4.6. Now we us...