Several techniques have been developed over time for the measurement of heat and the temperatures generated in various manufacturing processes and tribological applications. They include: (1) thermocouples — the embedded thermocouple and the dynamic thermocouple (or the chip–tool thermocouple in the case of cutting), (2) infra-red photography; (3) infrared optical pyrometers, (4) thermal paints...

Water activities (potentials) in plant materials were measured over the range from free water to oven dryness with a Spanner thermocouple psychrometer. In a two-step procedure, water was first condensed on the thermocouple junction for several minutes. The sample was then inserted under the wet thermocouple and the maximum psychrometric cooling was measured in about 10 seconds. Calibration was ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is used to minimize the risk of epidermal damage during laser dermatologic surgery, concern has been expressed that CSC may induce cryo-injury. The objective of this study is to measure temperature variations at the epidermal-dermal junction in ex vivo human skin during three clinically relevant multiple cryogen spurt-laser pulse seq...

Thin-film Ni–Ca3Co4O9 and Ni–Mo thermocouples were prepared by stepwise magnetron-sputtering/annealing synthesis using masks. Compared with thin film thermocouples, have higher output voltage due to large positive Seebeck (153 ?V/K for single thermocouple 912 6-series thermocouple). The maximum from the is 70 mV was obtained a hot-end temperature of 105 °C thermocouple. stability Ca3Co4O9 films...

Management of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) thermal gradients is vital to limit thermal expansion mismatch and thermal stress. However, owing to harsh operation conditions of SOFCs and limited available space in stack configuration, the number of techniques available to obtain temperature distribution from the cell surface is limited. The authors previously developed and studied a thermocouple a...

CONTEXT Thermocouples and electrothermometers are used in therapeutic modality research. Until recently, researchers assumed that these instruments were valid and reliable. OBJECTIVE To examine 3 different thermocouple types in 5 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 18.4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 35 degrees C water baths. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Therapeutic modality laboratory....

IT seems ludicrous that the reading of a rectal thermometer should be taken as a guide for deciding how long a major cerebral artery may be safely clamped by a neurosurgeon. Although the temperature of the brain must approximate that of the blood passing through it, temperature gradients are present throughout the body during hypothermia and the reading on the thermometer will vary with the dis...

This paper describes the design, manufacturing and characterization of newly developed mixed thick-/thin film thermoelectric microgenerators based on magnetron sputtered constantan (copper-nickel alloy) and screen-printed silver layers. The thermoelectric microgenerator consists of sixteen thermocouples made on a 34.2 × 27.5 × 0.25 mm³ alumina substrate. One of thermocouple arms was made of mag...