which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We have read the article published in your journal written by Sofian et al., entitled " the serum profile of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in treated and non-treated HCV infected individuals " (1). Evidences well documented that the simultaneous elevation of Th1 and Th2 related cy...

The imbalance of T-helper (Th) lymphocyte cytokine production may play an important role in immunopathogenesis of persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To know whether an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines is present in chronic HCV infection, serum levels of Th1 cytokines, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-2, and Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, were measured using en...

background: cytokines play a fundamental role in the regulation of immune responses in remission and/or relapsing of leishmaniasis. therefore, immunotherapy for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) has represented a principle approach in control of the infection. the present research aimed to evaluating the immunotherapeutic potential of a novel herbal immunomodulator drug (imod...

Objective(s): Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is known as a progressive inflammatory CNS disease. Cytokines belong to Th1 or Th2 family and inflammatory cells, play significant role in pathophysiology of MS. Thus, any treatment supposed to influence the relation between Th1 to Th2 cytokines expression. Although vitamin D has been prescribed as a therapeutic supplement of MS for a long time, it is not c...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disorder. Loss of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance has been reported in several inflammatory autoimmune diseases. This study was to investigate Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg differentiation and related cytokines in RA patients. The frequencies of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells in peripheral blood of RA patients (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 1...

Background: T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells play important roles in immunity against foreign invaders. Differentiation of these Th subsets is affected by state of maturation and cytokines that are produced by dendritic cells (DCs). Curdlan is a linear (1→3)-β- glucan and has shown activity against tumors and infectious agents. Objective: This study aims to investigate whether curdlan plays its...

Cytokines are signaling biomolecules that serve as key regulators of our immune system. CD4(+) T-cells can be grouped into 2 major categories based on their cytokine profile: T-helper 1 (TH1) subset and T-helper 2 (TH2) subset. Protective immunity against HIV infection requires TH1-directed CD4 T-cell responses, mediated by cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ),...

The immune system is dependent upon a web of small soluble protein molecules that modulate a wide range of potent immune effector mechanisms. These mediators, or cytokines, are secreted by distinct subsets of cells, and exert differential effects on the immune system [1]. Two such groups of cytokines are derived from T cells: type 1 cytokines are broadly inflammatory, and include interferonγ (I...

Malnutrition is a common cause of secondary immune deficiency and has been linked to an increased susceptibility to infection in humans. Malnutrition specifically affects T-cell-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess in lymphocytes from malnourished children the expression levels of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21, molecules that induce the differentiation of T cells related to t...

The effects of spermine (SPM) on the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from cedar pollinosis subjects were investigated. Th2 cytokines produced by PBMCs stimulated by 10 microM SPM was significantly lower than that in the controls. These findings indicate that blood SPM is an important factor in the Th1/Th2 balance.