Background: AUB is a common cause of women’s referring to gynecologists. Although hysteroscopy is known as the gold standard technique for diagnosing the cause of AUB, sonohysterography is less invasive, and it is performed by general gynecologists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of sonohysterography compared to the results of the endometrial biopsy, guid...

BACKGROUND Vesicoureteral reflux is a risk factor for progressive renal damage. In addition to long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and open surgical re-implantation, endoscopic sub-mucosal intra-ureteral injection of implant material is a therapeutic alternative that gained a world-wide preference. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of the implant mater...

of the esophagus is squamous cell carci− noma. The majority of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus originate in the esopha− gogastric junction, Barrett’s esophagus, or ectopic gastric mucosa [1]. Adenocarcino− ma arising in a submucosal gland of the esophagus beneath the squamous epithe− lium is rare [2]. A 43−year−old woman with an esophageal submucosal lesion about 1 cm in size, lo− cated 24 cm ...

BACKGROUND Mucosal atrophy as a potential cause of impaired colonic compliance has not yet been described as a complication in Collagenous Colitis (CC). CASE PRESENTATION We present a 51-year-old female patient with a 20-year history of diarrhea and diagnosed with CC ten years prior to her presentation. We reviewed reports from three colonoscopies performed after the diagnosis. Overall 12 bio...

objective(s): this study was performed to investigate the effects of mucosal acidification on mrna expression and protein synthesis of cystathionine gamma lyase (cse), cystathionine beta synthase (cbs), and mucosal release of h2s in gastric mucosa in rats. materials and methods:thirty-two rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (8 in each), including: the control group, hcl (10 mm) treated gr...

Endoscopic treatment of early Barrett's neoplasia has gained more and more acceptance over the past 10 years. It is well known that the risk for lymph node and distant metastasis is absent in high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and very low in mucosal Barrett's cancer (T1a) (1,2). However, when the cancer is invading into the sub-mucosal layer (T1b), the risk for lymphatic spread rises substantially (1,...

INTRODUCTION Direct oral microscopy constitutes a novel, non-invasive diagnostic technique, which aids clinical examination of the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is examined at multiple magnifications and features such as sub-epithelial mucosal vessels, surface patterns, colour tone, transparency and the exact demarcation of mucosal lesions are estimated. The incidence of oral squamous cell carci...

The poultry industry depends heavily on immunization, particularly with live attenuated vaccines. These vaccines are commonly not adjuvanted and can be either injected or delivered in birds’ mucosa. In the current study we evaluated protective efficacy of non-adjuvanted Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) Three NDV were used to vaccinate three groups chickens. same immunizations administere...

Intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) form a highly specialized lymphoid compartment. IELs consist primarily of T cells that are dispersed as single cells within the epithelial cell layer that surrounds the intestinal lumen. These lymphocytes along with lamina propria lymphocytes are considered to play an important role in the regulation of immune responses. IELs are heterogeneous with...