thought of as an imbalance between aggressive factors (acid, pepsin and Helicobacter pylori infection) and local mucosal defenses; the secretion of bicarbonate, mucus and prostaglandins. Although treatment most often is directed at the reduction of aggressive factors, it can be directed at strengthening mucosal defenses of the stomach and the duodenum with so-called cytoprotective agents. Cetra...

1Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi 476-8588, Japan 2Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanaido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan 3Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital,...

Ribosome-inactivating (ribotoxic) xenobiotics are capable of using cleavage and modification to damage 28S ribosomal RNA, which leads to translational arrest. The blockage of global protein synthesis predisposes rapidly dividing tissues, including gut epithelia, to damage from various pathogenic processes, including epithelial inflammation and carcinogenesis. In particular, mucosal exposure to ...

We review oxidative stress-related newborn disease and the mechanism of oxidative damage. In addition, we outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and future directions. Many reports have defined oxidative stress as an imbalance between an enhanced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and the lack of protective ability of antioxidants. From that point of view, free radical-induced damage cause...

INTRODUCTION Fishing is an occupation associated with uneven diet, strain, drunkenness, tobacco use, and deleterious habits. The physical state of laborers on a large scale will also be influenced by conditions at their work site. Oral mucosal lesions can occur as a result of infections, local shock or infuriation, systemic diseases, and uncontrolled usage of tobacco, betel quid, and alcohol. T...

Most infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic infiltrations from the mucosal tract. Nowadays, the use of vaccines has been widely investigated for the prevention of different infectious diseases, infertility, immune disorders, malignancies, and allergies. Broad-spectrum adjuvant substances have been studied for immune system stimulation with a greater efficiency against specific antigens. V...