The role of a photospheric component and of pair breakdown is examined in the internal shock model of gamma-ray bursts. We discuss some of the mechanisms by which they would produce anomalously steep low energy slopes, X-ray excesses and preferred energy breaks. Sub-relativistic comptonization should dominate in high comoving luminosity bursts with high baryon load, while synchrotron radiation ...

A frequency-domain parametric study using generalized consistent transmitting boundaries has been performed to evaluate the significance of topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes. The results show that the peak amplification of motion at the crest of a slope occurs at a normalized frequency 1t/2 = 0.2, where H is the slope height and 2 is the wavelength of the motion. The i...

Non-breaking tsunami waves run-up on steep slopes can cause severe damages to coastal structures. The estimation of the wave run-up rate caused by tsunami waves are important to understand the performance and safety issues of the breakwater in practice. In this paper, an Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method (ISPH) method was utilized for the 2DV numerical modeling of nonli...

PURPOSE We used the recently devised three-dimensional computer-based threshold Amsler grid test to acquire and identify typical patterns of visual field defects (scotomas) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Patients with AMD traced on a computer touch screen the borders of those areas on an Amsler grid that were missing from their field of vision. Scotomas were repeate...

This paper discusses the effect of berm width and elevation of coastal levees with steep slopes on irregular wave run-up. Based on the model tests, effect of the berm width and elevation on composite slopes is analyzed. The formula for reduction coefficient of wave run-up is obtained.