Part 2 of this paper deals with the techniques for drug delivery of topical and injectable local anaesthetics. The various routes of local anaesthetic delivery (epidural, peripheral, wound catheters, intra-nasal, intra-vesical, intra-articular, intra-osseous) are explored. To enhance transdermal local anaesthetic permeation, additional methods to the use of an eutectic mixture of local anaesthe...

Ultrasound-assisted drug delivery is an emerging technique that has the advantage of being non-invasive, efficiently and specifically targeted and controllable. While systemic drugs often show detrimental side effects, their ultrasound-triggered local release at the selected tissue may improve safety and specifity of therapy. An increasing amount of animal and preclinical studies demonstrates h...

Transdermal administration offers a non-invasive and convenient method for paediatric drug delivery. The competent skin barrier function in term infants and older children limits both water loss and the percutaneous entry of chemicals including drugs; but the smaller doses required by children eases the attainment of therapeutic concentrations. Transdermal patches used in paediatrics include fe...