BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic mechanical low back pain is common among different age groups and genders. Different manual therapy techniques combined with exercise therapy and electrotherapy modalities play an important role in its management. Our objective was to compare the effects of McKenzie extension exercisesprogram (EEP) versus Mulligan Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides (SNAGs) for ...

Coastal freshwater forested wetlands are rapidly transitioning from forest to marsh, leaving behind many standing dead trees (snags) in areas often called ‘ghost forests’. Snags can act as conduits for soil produced greenhouse gases (GHG) and also be sources they decompose. Thus, snags have the potential contribute GHGs atmosphere, but emissions not well understood. We assessed GHG (carbon diox...

0378-1127/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. A http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.004 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 612 626 4280; fax E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.B. Russell) (A.R. Weiskittel). 1 This research was conducted while M.B. Russell w School of Forest Resources. Snags are an important component of forest structure and a key carbon pool, but there is currently a ...

We ?1 radiotracked 25 adult female fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes) to day roosts in xeric ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests on the east side of the Cascade range in Washington and Oregon from 2001 to 2003. Bats were tracked for an average of 9.6 days/bat 6 0.1 SE for a total of 240 roost-days. Bats used 118 roosts, 93% of which were in the crevices of rocks. Pregnant females chose hor...

Saproxylic beetles are highly sensitive to forest management practices that reduce the abundance and variety of deadwood. However, this diverse fauna continues to receive little attention in the southeastern United States even though this region supports some of the most diverse, productive and intensively managed forests in North America. In this replicated three-way factorial experiment, we i...

Primary cavity-nesting birds play a critical role in forest ecosystems by excavating cavities later used by other birds and mammals as nesting or roosting sites. Several species of cavity-nesting birds are non-migratory residents and consequently subject to winter conditions. We conducted winter bird counts from 1998 to 2000 to examine the abundance and habitat association of cavity-nesting bir...

—Wood plays a major role in creating multiple invertebrate habitats in small streams and large rivers. In small streams, wood debris dams are instrumental in creating a step and pool profile of habitats, enhancing habitat heterogeneity, retaining organic matter, and changing current velocity. Beavers can convert sections of free-flowing streams into ponds and wetlands by killing trees and build...