CONSIDERABLE UNCERTAINTY existed regarding the magnitude of pulmonary dead space in the immediate post-World War II era. The dead space concept was originated by Bohr (2), who viewed total ventilation as composed of two distinct, but homogeneous, components—alveolar ventilation that participated fully in gas exchange and dead space ventilation in which no respiratory exchange occurred. With kno...

The second language acquisition (SLA) literatureover the past 30 yearshas seen miscellaneous interpretations and applications of the term ‘fossilisation’. This, on the one hand, is a sign of improvement in the general understanding of the theoretical construct. On the other hand, however, the lack of uniformity in interpretation and application creates confusion, which can be counterproductive ...

Standard economic models of contract imply that contracts should be highly “complex,” by which we mean (1) rich in the expected number of payoff-relevant contingencies; (2) variable in the magnitude of payoffs contracted to flow between parties; and (3) severe in the cognitive load necessary to understand the contract. Yet most realworld contracts are simple along all three of these dimensions....

How to improve the reliability and availability of the increasingly complex software is a serious challenge as software assumes an increasingly larger role in the critical functions of our society. It is a widely held belief that diversity in software constructions entails robustness. However, is it really true? This paper investigates the relationship between software complexity, reliability, ...