Barbiturates were formerly the primary sedative-hypnotic agents used clinically. Currently, they are most often encountered as anticonvulsants, induction agents for anesthesia, and agents used for procedural sedation. Because the barbiturates have largely been replaced clinically by benzodiazepines due to safety concerns, their prevalence in overdoses has drastically decreased when compared wit...

Placebo response shares phenomenology and likely overlaps with substrates of cognition and personality. However, inconsistent findings abound regarding the potential link between suggestibility and responding to placebos. Here we directly probe whether suggestibility of the hypnotic type influences placebo response. Fifty healthy undergraduates underwent a standard measure of hypnotic suggestib...

The seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. have been traditionally used for treatment of various complications including insomnia and anxiety. They are popularly used as sedative and hypnotic drugs in China, Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. However, no scientific proof on hypnotic activity of Z. mauritiana seeds (ZMS) was reported. In this study, the hypnotic activity of 50% ethan...

The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. Anticholinergic drugs antagonize acetylcholine receptors. Dissociative drugs affect all transmitter sites. Opiates act on both opioid and adrenergic receptor sites. Psy...

Being the de facto primary healthcare contacts in rural Bangladesh, retail pharmacy shops (RPSs) influence medication usage by people. Therefore, identifying dispensing activities of RPSs can be a key indicator medicine use. The aim current study is to explore drug practice pharmacists areas Gazipur district. A cross-sectional was designed find out analgesic, antipyretic, Gastro Esophageal Refl...

Asperugo procumbens L. has been used in Iranian traditional medicine for the refreshing, tranquillizing and mood elevating activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant and sedative-hypnotic potential of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of this plant in mice. Additionally, the effects of flumazenil on the hypnotic activity of the extracts were eva...

Asperugo procumbens L. has been used in Iranian traditional medicine for the refreshing, tranquillizing and mood elevating activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant and sedative-hypnotic potential of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of this plant in mice. Additionally, the effects of flumazenil on the hypnotic activity of the extracts were eva...

hypnotic drugs are prescribed to many older adults despite the nearly 5-fold increased risk of adverse cognitive events associated with their use (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47 to 15.47), the 2.6-fold increased risk of adverse psychomotor events (95% CI 1.12 to 6.09), the association with falls and hip fractures and the 5-fold increased risk of hospital admission after a motor vehicle colli...

Dexmedetomidine, the D-enantiomer of medetomidine, is among the most potent sedative drugs known. It is also one of the best understood in terms of its molecular and cellular mechanisms. Its sedative (and probably its neuroprotective) effects are mediated by subtype A of the α2 adrenergic receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor. Acting as an agonist at this receptor, dexmedetomidine causes numer...