the importance of energy crisis and global warming necessitates presenting strategies in order to decrease the amount of emissions as well as fuel consumption in large and complex industries such as refineries and petrochemical industries. generally, refinery steam networks are regarded as units which consume fuel enormously. in this paper, the steam network of tehran oil refinery is considered...

This article reports on the implementation of published guidelines for retrofitting tractors with safe access platforms, which were developed to reduce the risk of serious injuries and deaths associated with mounting and dismounting. Farmer interviews and engineering-based inspections of ten retrofitted tractors were conducted to gather information regarding benefits and disadvantages of the re...

A high standard education is, nowadays, a clear objective for any modern society. In Portugal, the retrofit of educational buildings has an enormous relevance as demonstrated by the ‘‘Program for Retrofit and Upgrade of High Schools’’. Educational buildings specific characteristics such as high occupancy rates and high amount of time children spend in classrooms make them a special case compare...

Received: November 02, 2017 Revised: January 12, 2018 Accepted: January 17, 2018 Abstract: Introduction: Retrofit interventions are often performed by introducing in structures dissipative devices able to improve the global seismic response particularly in terms of energy dissipation capacity. In the case of Concentric Braced Steel Frames (CBF), these devices are generally introduced in the for...

Functionalities of wireless sensors to measure bridge dynamic behavior are maturing; dense measurements of large structures are expected to reveal details of the behavior of existing structures. Traffic-induced vibrations at an arch bridge, instrumented by 48 wireless smart sensors, were measured before and after seismic retrofit of the structure. The differences between the measured dynamic ch...

Investments in three coal-fired power generation technologies are valued using the "real options" valuation methodology in an uncertain carbon dioxide (CO2) price environment. The technologies evaluated are pulverized coal (PC), integrated coal gasification combined cycle (baseline IGCC), and IGCC with pre-investments that make future retrofit for CO2 capture less expensive (pre-investment IGCC...

A mechanical device especially designed for the application of low-level posttensioning forces to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars was developed at the University of Missouri-Rolla. Some of the advantageous features of this device are that it is simple to assemble and the low-level post-tensioning forces can be applied manually and safely without the need for hydraulic jacks or heavy ...

Thermal retrofits of homes are central to the UK's fuel poverty and net zero carbon policies but there concerns about poor quality installation so new standards be introduced (PAS2035). We have explored retrofit installers' perceptions barriers installing internal wall insulation (IWI) current regulations for retrofits. conducted four focus groups with installers. Thematic analysis identified t...

The application of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) in most regions around the world focuses on delivering the technology to new areas, or “greenfield" development. While it is a noble cause to pursue this, are we neglecting where we have failed to fix water resource management in the past, namely our existing urban areas? This paper shows the comparative effectiveness of greenfield versus r...

This paper presents a study that forms part of an ongoing project on the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP). In this study, a stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete subjected to cyclic loading was implemented into OpenSees to support the performance-based design of FRP jackets for the seismic retrofit of RC columns/structures. Init...