Causal discovery is the task of finding plausible causal relationships from statistical data [1, 2]. Such methods rely on various assumptions about the data generating process to identify it from uncontrolled observations. We have recently proposed a causal discovery method based on independent component analysis (ICA) called LiNGAM [3], showing how to completely identify the data generating pr...

The Didymellaceae was established in 2009 to accommodate Ascochyta, Didymella and Phoma, as well as several related phoma-like genera. The family contains numerous plant pathogenic, saprobic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts. Ascochyta and Phoma are morphologically difficult to distinguish, and species from both genera have in the past been linked to Didymella sexual ...

Blackleg disease caused by the heterothallic ascomycete fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not. (anamorph: Phoma lingam Tode ex Fr.), is the major disease of Brassica crops such as turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. syn. B. campestris; 2n = 2x = 20, genome AA), cabbage (B. oleracea L.; 2n = 2x = 18, genome CC), rapeseed (syn. canola or oilseed rape B. napus L.; 2n = 4x = 38, genome AAC...

Coal has been an important energy source worldwide; however, it is the largest of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions because amount in coal larger than that other fossil fuels. Precise control NOx required operations coal-fired power plants from viewpoint air pollution control. Although theoretical analyses generation a plant have conducted, difficult to precisely predict actual plant. affected by ...

We present new measures of the causal direction, or direction of effect, between two non-Gaussian random variables. They are based on the likelihood ratio under the linear non-Gaussian acyclic model (LiNGAM). We also develop simple first-order approximations of the likelihood ratio and analyze them based on related cumulant-based measures, which can be shown to find the correct causal direction...

We present new measures of the causal direction between two non-gaussian random variables. They are based on the likelihood ratio under the linear non-gaussian acyclic model (LiNGAM). We also develop simple first-order approximations and analyze them based on related cumulant-based measures. The cumulant-based measures can be shown to give the right causal directions, and they are statistically...

Fungal taxonomists routinely encounter problems when dealing with asexual fungal species due to poly- and paraphyletic generic phylogenies, and unclear species boundaries. These problems are aptly illustrated in the genus Phoma. This phytopathologically significant fungal genus is currently subdivided into nine sections which are mainly based on a single or just a few morphological characters. ...

A leaf spot of figwort (Scrophularia ningpoensis) caused by Phoma sp. Abstract: Since 2006, a new disease caused by Phoma sp. has been identified on figwort (Scrophularia ningpoensis) in Hubei province, China. The pathogen was isolated from diseased S. ningpoensis leaves growing under field conditions, and attempts were made to identify it by cultural and morphological characteristics as well a...