Software patents and university-owned patents represent two of the more controversial intellectual property developments of the past 25 years. For the last few years, the European Union has been embroiled in a fierce debate over the merits of explicitly allowing software patents. In the U.S., where such patents clearly exist, various legal scholars have quarreled with the breadth of software pa...

myelofibrosis is reported in patents with primary hyperparathyroidism. it is also was reported in patents with sec- ondary hyperparathyroidism due to end-stage renal disease or vitamin d dependent rickets .we present a case of celiac disease and osteomalacia which leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism and myelofibrosis.

This paper examines the role of patents in relation to the transfer and exchange of knowledge for corporate innovation. Studies on patents have mostly focused on the role of patents as an incentive for the creation of knowledge by offering a way to appropriate returns from innovation investments. However, an explanation for the relevance of patents for firms may be broader than reducing the pos...

We analyze the patent filing strategies of foreign pharmaceutical companies in Chile distinguishing between "primary" (active ingredient) and "secondary" patents (patents on modified compounds, formulations, dosages, particular medical uses, etc.). There is prior evidence that secondary patents are used by pharmaceutical originator companies in the U.S. and Europe to extend patent protection on...

Several recent technological standards were accompanied by patent pools—arrangements to license relevant intellectual property as a package. A key distinction made by regulators—between patents essential to a standard and patents with substitutes—has not been addressed in the theoretical literature. I show that pools of essential patents are always welfare increasing, while pools which include ...

For several decades, high-tech companies have acquired patents in order to deter others from suing them. According to the logic of the patent arms race, an arsenal of patents provides protection to patentees by discouraging would-be plaintiffs from filing suit. Recently, a secondary market for patents has emerged, providing new opportunities to buy and sell patents. Non-practicing entities (NPE...

Several recent technological standards have been accompanied by patent pools – arrangements to license multiple patentholders’ relevant intellectual property as a package. A key distinction made by regulators – between patents essential to a standard and patents with substitutes – has not been addressed in the theoretical literature. I show that pools of essential patents are always welfare-pos...

This paper measures the technological significance of voluntary standard setting organizations (SSOs) by examining citations to patents disclosed in the standard setting process. We find that SSO patents are cited far more frequently than a set of control patents, and that SSO patents receive citations for a much longer period of time. Furthermore, we find a significant correlation between cita...