Governments can tax productive activities with either uniform or discriminatory rates among taxpayers. Although discriminatory rates can cause productive inefficiency and require high cost of administration, they can be preferred because of their advantage in distributional flexibility. This paper studies the discriminatory taxation of production in the Fertile Crescent. Using information from ...

The Ottoman courtly context in the “long sixteenth century” (1450 to 1640), as Fernand Braudel has called it, is an ideal but neglected historical laboratory for examining the use of occult lore for purposes predictive, protective, and entertaining. A sizeable yet sorely understudied amount of archival and material sources testifies to the fact that several sixteenth-century Ottoman sultans uti...

Abstract In this article, we examine the organization of British diplomatic service in Ottoman Empire and analyse its transition from a prestigious, privately financed, highly individualized public office to state-funded, but fragmented poorly paid body. We survey idiosyncratic character apparatus set up by Levant Company serve business pursuits, infiltrate local society obtain political favour...

Economy is as important politics in the efforts of states to exist international public opinion. Thus, country's domestic and foreign trade network develops, development moves accelerate many ways. The Republic Turkey, which was established after a long-term war independence, gave importance economy well policy included world system. Especially with establishment central bank following 1929 cri...

The period of ottoman occupation of Iraq was characterized by the same style of buildings and they used local materials as did their predecessors. At the beginning of ottoman occupation, governors were focusing on build mosques and religion schools (Tkaya). Houses were built in random styles depending on the experiences of the builders. For this reason, the houses became irregular and expanded ...

smet Zeki Yalniz smail Sengor Altingovde ğur Güdükbay zgür Ulusoy ilkent University epartment of Computer Engineering ilkent, Ankara, 06800 urkey -mail: [email protected] Abstract. We propose a novel context-sensitive segmentation and recognition method for connected letters in Ottoman script. This method first extracts a set of segments from a connected script and determines the candi...

smet Zeki Yalniz smail Sengor Altingovde ğur Güdükbay zgür Ulusoy ilkent University epartment of Computer Engineering ilkent, Ankara, 06800 urkey -mail: [email protected] Abstract. We propose a novel context-sensitive segmentation and recognition method for connected letters in Ottoman script. This method first extracts a set of segments from a connected script and determines the candi...

This article presents the results of a study of the medicinal uses of natural substances in medieval and Ottoman al-Sham (the Levant). It involved a meticulous survey of a wide range of historical sources spanning approximately 1100 years and including medical and pharmacological literature, travelogues, geographical and agricultural literature, dictionaries, archives, the Genizah and other med...