breakthrough bleeding (btb) is the cause of 50% of discontinuations of use by long-acting progestogen-only contraceptive users. btb appears to be associated with capillaries of abnormal morphology and fragility. disturbances in vessels integrity, intercellular junctions or alteration of the basement membrane (bm) composition has been proposed to contribute toward the fragility of these capillar...

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the endometrial histology and cervical cytology of users of two contraceptive implants releasing etonogestrel/3-keto-desogestrel (Implanon) and levonorgestrel (Norplant) in West Midlands (UK) users. A 2-year prospective randomized design was used to study 60 implant users. Endometrial histology and cervical cytology were compared before insertion an...

This study was conducted to determine any cardiovascular morbidity with Norplant use by electrocardiography. Thirty Nigerian women seeking long-term reversible contraception were recruited. The clients had baseline blood pressure checks and electrocardiography (ECG) tracings. These were repeated at the 12, 24 and 36 months follow-up visits and the results were analysed. The mean age of subjects...

Background. Data on the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis and use of hormonal contraception (HC) are limited. Methods. 2,374 sexually active women aged 15-49 years from cohort surveys in Rakai, Uganda, were included. Incidence of T. vaginalis was estimated per 100 person years (py) and association between HC (DMPA, Norplant, and oral contraceptives) and T. vaginalis infection was assessed by i...

OBJECTIVE To identify reasons for inconsistent contraceptive use that antedate conception and continue to predispose participants in adolescent-oriented maternity programs to unsafe sexual practices after delivery. We hypothesized that teens who attributed their failure to use contraceptives before their first conception exclusively to concerns about their side effects and/or their own lack of ...

Long-acting reversible contraception, which include etonogestrel subdermal hormonal implants, has high efficiency rates in preventing teen pregnancy. Although these numbers are increasing, teens have the lowest long-acting reversible contraception usage rate of any group, which the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists addressed with recommendations for Nexplanon placement for te...