The development literature has pointed out some deeply rooted determinants of current economic development. We checked the historical Portuguese municipalities’ and also if strength different dominant medieval classes (nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie) in each municipality importance for social development, using proxies. results indicate that cathedral antiquity is statistically significant expla...

Why did the country that borrowed the most industrialize first? Earlier research has viewed the explosion of debt in 18th century Britain as either detrimental, or as neutral for economic growth. In this paper, we argue instead that Britain’s borrowing boom was beneficial. The massive issuance of liquidly traded bonds allowed the nobility to switch out of low-return investments such as agricult...

Nationalism has been one of the preferred topics in both academic and popular discourse within the last few years. However, its vagueness and significant emotional content often muddy the arguments surrounding it. Taking one step back and looking at national identity through the lense of folk music, particulary as it has been used in Hungary by Bartok and the Dance House movement, one can see t...

As a result of a genuine explosion in historiographical studies on the subject over the last two decades, the various European nobilities can now be considered to have been studied in some depth. A general tendency to be noted in the above-mentioned works relates to the idea highlighted by various researchers seeking to attenuate the early modernisation of noble values, who have taken the Frenc...

T H E Q I N state's conquests of its neighbors and the unified empire that emerged were built on a foundation of reforms that Shang Yang, a minister from the state of Wey, carried out in the years following 359 B.C. His radical, thoroughgoing transformations of Qin military and civil life grew out of practices that were first pioneered in Qi and in Jin and its successors. Internecine wars among...

Inflation is a well-known phenomenon to most of us. Together with unemployment inflation is one of the typical diseases of modern economies. However, inflationary processes are not restricted to the economic sphere in the proper sense. Consider for instance the English words gentleman and lady, which in their original meaning denoted persons from the nobility, but today are often used synonymou...

The theory of military revolution is known to describe the process transformation states in Early modern period with appearance armed firearms regular armies. According Brian Downing model, this consists several successive steps. 1. starting point development medieval monarchy, where power suzerain limited meetings (conditionally, “parliaments”), aristocrats predominate, managing resources thei...