treatment of offenders is a humanistic approach in reaction to crimes, which has different scientific models. in addition to the un emphasis on this approach, islamic texts are full of corrective patterns and guidelines. iranian legislator, clearly, in article 156 of iranian constitution adapted this approach. nevertheless study of rules and regulations shows the lack of appropriate usage of th...

the links between disasters and violence either self-directed or interpersonal are now more recognized. nevertheless, the amount of research is limited. this article discusses the underlying association of disasters and violence and it also outlines a systematic review of the literature from 1976 to 2011. finally, it concludes and recommends particular approaches for further epidemiological res...

a 55-year-old man referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy (crt) due to severe heart failure. a severe stenosis in the coronary sinus vein after the posterior branch disallowed the insertion of the lead. nevertheless, the stenosis was dilated and the left ventricle (lv) lead was implanted in the lateral marginal branch.

Dear Editor, I read the recent publication on “Misconduct in Research and Publication” with great interest[1]. I agree that misconduct in research and publication is not uncommon. Nevertheless, it is rarely mentioned. In fact, there are many incorrect conceptions among researchers on publication ethics. The milder examples are attempts to report only the “positive outcomes&rdq...

REFERENCES 1 Dettmar PW, Strugala V, Fathi H, et al. The online Cough Clinic: developing guideline-based diagnosis and advice. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 819–824. 2 Morice AH, Fontana GA, Belvisi MG, et al. ERS guidelines on the assessment of cough. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 1256–1276. 3 Morice AH, Fontana GA, Sovijarvi AR, et al. The diagnosis and management of chronic cough. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 4...

Purpose : The present study assess factors affecting the success of US and CT-guided liver biopsy of focal lesions on the basis of experience when cytopathologic examination results were available.Methods and Materials: 175 liver biopsies and punctures in 175 patients(120 male and 55 female) were performed under US or CT control. Lesions ranged in diameter from 9mm to 25 mm. We utilized US guid...

international health is still highly dominated by equilibrium approaches. the emergence of systems thinking in international health provides a great avenue to develop innovative health interventions adapted to changing contexts. the public health community, nevertheless, has the responsibility to translate concepts related to systems thinking and complexity into concrete research methods and in...

it is generally accepted that no one is allowed to abuse his legal rights accorded by a country for evasion from some limitations provided by the same country and several laws and verdicts have considered and confirmed this requirement as a rule. nevertheless there is neither common sense about neither the conditions under which such a rule may be applied nor the reactions to be taken against s...

chemokines and their receptors  play an important  role in the  late inflammatory stage of asthma. in this study, we aimed to investigate polymorphisms of mcp-1 (ccl2), ccr2 and ccr5 which can affect qualitatively and/or quantitatively their production and thus influence both susceptibility and severity of asthma and its clinical and biological features. mcp-1   (a/g   -2518),  ccr2   (+/64i), ...