Y chromosomes often degenerate via the accumulation of pseudogenes and transposable elements. By contrast, little is known about X-chromosome degeneration. Here we compare the pseudogenization process between genes on the neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila miranda and their autosomal orthologues in closely related species. The pseudogenization rate on the neo-X is much lower than the rate on the...

Speciesists believe that membership in a particular species is morally relevant. Morally relevant properties entitle their possessors to have their interests considered preferentially relative to those individuals who lack that property. Those dispensing consideration incur obligations or, minimally, options, to act with bias. As a matter of fact, all known speciesists are human speciesists, no...

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-...

STUDY AIMS 2(S)-neopincirin (NEO) is a constituent from of Clinopodium mexicanum, which is used in traditional Mexican herbal medicine for its tranquilizing and analgesic properties. This study investigated the anxiolytic-like, sedative and antinociceptive effects of NEO in several mice models. MATERIAL AND METHODS The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated in the hole-board (HBT) and Open Fiel...

The conformations of eight neo-confused porphyrin (neo-CP) structures and seven related benzo-neo-confused porphyrins (B-neo-CPs) were minimized using DFT-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). In addition, in order to provide contrasts to the B-neo-CP tautomers, a series of twelve benzoporphyrin (BP) tautomers and twelve benzocarbaporphyrins (BCPs) were also analyzed, and two N-confused porphyrin (NCP) tautomer...

We have studied patterns of DNA sequence variation and evolution for 22 genes located on the neo-X and neo-Y chromosomes of Drosophila miranda. As found previously, nucleotide site diversity is greatly reduced on the neo-Y chromosome, with a severely distorted frequency spectrum. There is also an accelerated rate of amino-acid sequence evolution on the neo-Y chromosome. Comparisons of nonsynony...

Causal powers, say, an electron’s power to repel other electrons, are had in virtue of having properties. Electrons repel other electrons because they are negatively charged. One’s views about causal powers are shaped by—and shape—one’s views concerning properties, causation, laws of nature and modality. It is no surprise, then, that views about the nature of causal powers are generally embedde...