What is the relation between metaphysical necessity and essence? This paper defends view that one of identity: a special case essence. My argument consists in showing best joint theory essence which just The made against backdrop novel, higher-order logic (HLE), whose core features are introduced first part paper. second investigates context HLE. Reductive hypotheses among most natural to be ex...

We present a logic for the reasoning about necessity and justifications which is independent from relational semantics. We choose the concept of justification – coming from a class of Justification Logics (Artemov 2008, Fitting 2009) – as the primitive notion on which the concept of necessity is based. Our axiomatization extends Suszko’s non-Fregean logic SCI (Brown, Suszko 1972) by basic axiom...

The necessity calculus is a familiar adjuvant to the possibility calculus and an uncertain inference tool in its own right. Necessity orderings enjoy a syntactical relationship to some probability orderings similar to that displayed by possibility. In its adjuvant role, necessity may be viewed as bringing possibility closer to achieving the quasi-additive normative desideratum advocated by de F...

Telemedicine has been defined as the use of telecommunication technologies like e-mail, wireless tools, and other applications to diagnose and treat a patient’s clinical health status. Different types of services can be provided by telemedicine, such as home telehealth and referral to medical centers. There have been several examples of large-scale disasters over the last few decades with vario...

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce seminormed and semiconormed fuzzy integrals associated with confidence measures. These confidence measures have a field of sets as their domain, and a complete lattice as their codomain. In introducing these integrals, the analogy with the classical introduction of Legesgue integrals is explored and exploited. It is amongst other things shown that our integ...