Introduction: In order to study the alterations of beta 1 and 2 integrins mRNA level in rat lumbar spinal cord following the induction of chronic pain and its effect on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, we examined the level of expression of these genes in the presence of chronic pain, which is an inhibitor of morphine tolerance. We used induction of chronic pain alone and ...

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein that is found in milk, neutrophils, and other biological fluids, and its receptors have also been identified in the central nervous system. Recently, we found that bovine milk-derived LF (BLF) produced analgesia via a mu-opioid receptor-mediated response in the spinal cord. However, the precise mechanism of this analgesic effect remains unclear. In ...

Post operative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Formalin test has been used as a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats. Systemic and spinally administered clonidine, an ?2-adrenergic agonist, is proved to enhance postoperative analgesia. It has also been shown that morphine-dependent rats experience more chr...

there is some evidence supporting the reduced activity of integrins following chronic administration of morphine. this reduction might play a role in morphine tolerance development. manganese binds to the extracellular domain of integrins and makes them to be activated. the effect of integrins activation using manganese on tolerance development to the analgesic effect of morphine was investigat...

Tolerance to morphine analgesia following repeated administration disturbs the continuation of opioid therapy for severe pain. Emerging evidence suggests that the development of morphine tolerance may be antagonized by painful stimuli. To clarify the detailed mechanisms of these phenomena, we examined the effects of several pain stimuli on morphine-induced tolerance. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injecti...

There is some evidence supporting the reduced activity of integrins following chronic administration of morphine. This reduction might play a role in morphine tolerance development. Manganese binds to the extracellular domain of integrins and makes them to be activated. The effect of integrins activation using manganese on tolerance development to the analgesic effect of morphine was investi...

In the present study, the effects of intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist and antagonist on antinociception inducced by morphine were investigated with formalin test in rat. Intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of morphine (10µgr/rat) and Bicuculline (50, 100 ng/rat) induced antinociception in the both first and second phases of formali...

Little is known about analgesia in lower vertebrates such as the Speke's hinged tortoise (Kinixy's spekii), yet of late they are increasingly being adopted as pets. The effects of morphine (5, 7.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), pethidine (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg) and naloxone (5 mg/kg) on nociception induced by the formalin test (12.5%, 100 microL) were studied in the Speke's hinged tortoise. Formalin induced...

Introduction: In order to study the alterations of beta 1 and 2 integrins mRNA level in rat lumbar spinal cord following the induction of chronic pain and its effect on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia, we examined the level of expression of these genes in the presence of chronic pain, which is an inhibitor of morphine tolerance. We used induction of chronic pain alone and in ...

BACKGROUND The combination of two analgesic agents offers advantages in pain treatment. Codeine and morphine analgesia is due to activation of opioid receptor subtypes. METHODS This study, performed in mice using isobolographic analysis, evaluated the type of interaction in intraperitoneal (ip) or intrathecal (it) coadministration of codeine and morphine, in three nociceptive behavioral model...