To compare the effect of various pipe materials on biofilm formation, surface water was used as the test water source; plastic-based pipe materials (polyvinyl chloride-PVC, unplasticised polyvinyl chloride-UPVC, medium density polyethylene-MDPE) and cement-based pipe materials (cement and asbestos cement) are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems in South Africa as test pipe mate...

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is produced by free radical polymerization. Industrially, LDPE polymerization process is usually carried out in a continuous mode (tubular or autoclave reactors) at high pressures (1300-3400 atm) and temperatures (50-340 0 C). LDPE exhibits a number of desirable properties, including high tensile strength, flexibility, high impact resistance, low crystallinity, l...

Plastics are commonly synthetic polymers used by many industries because they inexpensive, durable, moldable, and have a wide range of applications. However, plastics production, use, waste associated with numerous challenges, including unsustainable resource greenhouse gas emissions, toxic chemicals, unprecedented environmental pollution. Here, we provide an overview plastic end life, highligh...