The adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS,) by World Trade Organization (WTO) propelled member countries towards realization need to maintain certain minimum standards protection for intellectual properties. Today, (IP) has suffused through all spheres our lives. It holds immense significance in boosting economies several nations. There is hardly...

Copyright is used to protect the rights of the consumers and the creators of the Intellectual Property (IP). The ease of creation, modification, distribution, compatibility and above all, a large market opportunity drive the creator and the consumer to move towards digitization to create and use their IP in digital form called Digital Intellectual Property (DIP). In India the existing copyright...

In recent years, OFDM has been the focus of extensive research efforts in optical transmission and networking, initially as a means to overcome physical impairments in optical communications. However, unlike, say, in wireless LANs or xDSL systems where OFDM is deployed as a transmission technology in a single link, in optical networks it is being considered as the technology underlying the nove...

The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses the mobility issues. In order to support un-interrupted services and seamless mobility of nodes across the networks (and/or sub-networks) with permanent IP addresses, handover is performed in mobile IP enabled networks. Handover in mobile IP is ...

New product development, which until relatively recently was a core activity within the pharmaceutical industry, is increasingly being outsourced (Howells et al., 2008). This is symptomatic of the transformation of product development towards a more decentralised, network-based and alliance-rich function. We have selected the pharmaceutical industry for this paper because it offers an excellent...

Standard IP mobility management (IP-MM) commonly known as Mobile IP, presents a set of technical challenges in performance and scalability, as the mobile host (MN) varies the handoff rate, due to its mobility pattern, between successive wireless points of attachment; these manifest themselves primarily as increased signalling between the MN and its peers. In addition, they encompass sources of ...

The importance of intellectual property (IP) in today's world cannot be overstated and, indeed, it is receiving a great deal of attention worldwide. To advance the cause of the rights and wrongs of the laws that promote and protect intellectual property at the national and international levels, education in intellectual property is required and must be advocated. We must make individuals, indus...

t the heart of multimedia information systems lies the multimedia database management system. Traditionally, a database consists of a controlled collection of data related to a given entity, while a database management system, or DBMS, is a collection of interrelated data with the set of programs used to define, create, store, access, manage, and query the database. Similarly, we can view a mul...

Future generation networks are expected to be a combination of several types of access technologies that vary in their characteristics. Efficient handoff management techniques are required to enable end-users to seamlessly access these networks as they roam across different geographic locations. We describe recent protocols (application, transport, and network) such as Mobile IP, Session Initia...