An internal norm is a pattern of behavior enforced in part by internal sanctions, such as shame, guilt and loss of self-esteem, as opposed to purely external sanctions, such as material rewards and punishment. The ability to internalize norms is widespread among humans, although in some so-called "sociopaths", this capacity is diminished or lacking. Suppose there is one genetic locus that contr...

Background & Aims of the Study: Investigating and recognizing effective internal factors of organizations has always been one of the concerns in pursuit of organizational goals and to raise level of personnel’s safety, welfare and job performance. This study was aimed to evaluate psychometric characteristics of Organizational Diagnosis Questionnaire (ODQ) in small-scale industries in Hamedan pr...

I worked in an organization that had just finished a high-profile project. We been challenged to develop chipset for new customer on accelerated schedule. hadn’t quite met all the milestones or specifications, but we were close. Overall, successful. Most importantly, was pleased. led one of product development teams. At start project, our general manager provided additional motivation. He sugge...

This paper focuses on a multi-agent cooperation which is generally di cult to be achieved without su cient information of other agents, and proposes the reinforcement learning method that introduces an internal reward for a multi-agent cooperation without su cient information. To guarantee to achieve such a cooperation, this paper theoretically derives the condition of selecting appropriate act...

How does effort respond to the perceived relationship between effort and rewards? The answer is ambiguous since leisure and rewards can be either substitutes or complements. To answer this question, I conduct a two-part field experiment with a widely used online learning platform. For one group of students, I measure the causal relationship between effort and rewards. Then, for a second group o...

We present an architectural approach to learning problem solving skills from demonstration, using internal models to represent problem-solving operational knowledge. Internal forward and inverse models are initially learned through active interaction with the environment, and then enhanced and finessed by observing expert teachers. While a single internal model is capable of solving a single go...