Immunostimulants represent an emerging class of drugs for the treatment of infectious disorders and cancer. CpG oligonucleotides and imiquimod, prototypic drugs in this category, are now known to activate dendritic cells (DCs). Here we report the development of a highly sensitive, unbiased functional screen to detect DC-stimulatory signals. Because interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) mRNA expression i...

Vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an export commodity from the fisheries sub-sector which has high economic value. The development of aquaculture systems traditional to intensive potential for disease attacks. Control spread must be done as early possible, one method prevention using immunostimulants. An alternative source immunostimulants that can used increase immune system octopus (Oct...

This article reviews synthesis of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid, an important amino acid biosynthesized by bacteria and higher plants. A number of peptidoglycan fragments containing the diaminopimelic acid (DAP) residue exhibit antitumor and/or immunostimulant activity. DAP is a versatile building block of many natural and synthetic compounds with a number of potential medicinal applications. The syn...

Immunomodulators, immunostimulants, and immunotherapies are important tools used by veterinary practitioners and researchers to control and direct the immune system of small animals. This article is an overview and summary of some of the most common immunomodulatory agents used in companion animals emphasizing steroidal and nonsteroidal agents, T-cell inhibitors, cytotoxic drugs, immunostimulat...

In recent times, attention has focused on immunostimulants and plant products which could have beneficial effects in disease control. At present, the application of immunostimulants has been considered a more effective approach to health management in aquaculture through the enhancement of immune capability and disease resistance in shrimp. Garlic possesses bactericidal property against bacteri...

Complementary and alternative medicine involves the use of herbs and medicinal plants as an alternative to mainstream western medical treatment. A large number of Indian medicinal plants have been reported to possess immunostimulant activity and thus can serve as potential source of drug in various immunocompomised states including AIDS, cancer and for treatment of various chronic infections. T...

Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain. 6 Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, 7 Norway. 8 9 *Corresponding authors: Roy A. Dalmo. Address: Norwegian College of Fishery 10 Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. Tel.: +47 77644482; Fax: 11 +47 77646020; Email: [email protected]; Carolina Tafalla. Addres...

The control of infectious diseases is a major current challenge in intensive aquaculture. Most commercial vaccines are based on live attenuated or inactivated pathogens that are usually combined with adjuvants, oil emulsions being as the most widely used for vaccination in aquaculture. Although effective, the use of these oil emulsions is plagued with important side effects. Thus, the developme...