Objective(s): Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide involved in substance and energy metabolism. To confirm the hypothesis that ghrelin might be involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a rat NAFLD model was established and the changes of ghrelin were explored.Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into control and NAFLD gro...

Puberty is a complex process that culminates in the acquisition of psychophysical maturity and reproductive capacity. This elaborate fascinating marks end childhood. Behind it lies complex, genetically mediated neuroendocrine mechanism through which gonads are activated thanks to fine balance between central inhibitory stimulating neuromodulators hormones with both peripheral action. The onset ...

The hypothalamus is a vital part of the central nervous system: it harbors control systems implicated in regulation of a wide range of homeostatic processes, including energy balance and reproduction. Structurally, the hypothalamus is a complex neuroendocrine tissue composed of a multitude of unique neuronal cell types that express a number of neuromodulators, including hormones, classical neur...

The hypothalamus is the central regulator of systemic energy homeostasis, and its dysfunction can result in extreme body weight alterations. Insights into the complex cellular physiology of this region are critical to the understanding of obesity pathogenesis; however, human hypothalamic cells are largely inaccessible for direct study. Here, we developed a protocol for efficient generation of h...

Several lines of evidence suggest that the hypothalamus is involved in trigeminal pain processing. However, the organization of descending hypothalamic projections to the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) remains poorly understood. Microinjections of the retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the Sp5C, in rats, reveal that five hypothalamic nuclei project to the Sp5C: the paraventricu...

the role of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (vmn) in food behavior was studied in adult male rats, allocated in 3 groups: control, sham and lesioned. electrolytic lesions were induced stereotaxically (1.2 ma, 15 sec). results revealed a significant decrease (p

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...

Originally searched for and eventually isolated as factors of hypothalamic origin controlling anterior pituitary secretions, these hypophysiotropic peptides are now a chapter of physiology and medical endocrinology of their own. Defying the concept of 'neuropeptides' they and their receptors are now known to be ubiquitous and to have subtle as well as profound effects on a large number of funct...

The authors used 1H-MRS to investigate hypothalamic metabolism in 26 patients with cluster headache (CH) and 12 healthy subjects. Hypothalamic N-acetylaspartate/creatine was reduced in patients with CH vs controls (p < 0.01). Dividing the patients into episodic CH outside- and in-cluster periods and chronic CH, the hypothalamic N-acetylaspartate/creatine in all three subgroups of patients was r...

Context: Autoimmune hypothalamitis (AHT) is extremely rare and appears on the Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) as a predominant suprasellar mass. There are only few case reports of AHT in literature none was presented together with hypothalamic obesity (HO). Methods prediction hypothalamus (HT) damage included pathogenesis HO. Case description: A 19-year-old female operated transcranial operati...