This paper presents a framework for assessing the fiscal condition index (FCI) and develops a concept to assess fiscal condition of governments and implements it into Iran government as an oil exporting country. The concept consists of four dimensions ­-revenue, expenditure, budget balance, and debt structure-and each dimension has its own indicators. There are seven indicators examined namely ...

By means of a dynamic panel data analysis, and using a database from municipalities of the province of Barcelona (1993-99), we describe their process of fiscal adjustment to a shock in tax capacity. About 25% of the shock is internalized through an increase in tax effort, 35% through a reduction in public expenditure (mainly investment), while the rest (40%) is covered by an increase in the lev...

Which budgetary institutions result in efficient provision of public goods? We analyze a model with two parties bargaining over the allocation to a public good each period. Parties place different values on the public good, and these values may change over time. We focus on budgetary institutions that determine the rules governing feasible allocations to mandatory and discretionary spending pro...

This study probed the macroeconomic effects of budget deficit in Nigeria. Specifically, it seeks to probe effect on private investment and public Nigeria by adopting ADF unit root test ARDL model, Granger Causality short-run diagnostics stability using annual time series data covering 37 years from 1981 2019. The variables employed include – Growth rate real gross domestic product, (Gross Fixed...

The term ‘heterochromatin’ denotes chromosomal regions that remain condensed throughout most of the cell cycle, show late replication during normal cell cycles, under-replication in polytene chromosomes, extremely low gene density and high density of repeated sequences. Heterochromatin is characterized by modified histones H3 and H4 and high regularity of nucleosomes (reviewed by Gatti and Pimp...

In the absence of an equalization grant system, like we justify occurs in Spain at the local level of government, those governments that bear a decrease in their level of tax capacity will have to adjust their budget either by increasing their level of tax effort, by reducing their level of public services and/or by incurring in a deficit. By means of a dynamic panel data analysis, and using a ...

The study observes the size of Spanish State by analyzing composition public spending policies in Public Budget for years 2007-2012. government expenditure (central State, autonomous communities and local authorities) has not been reduced to level required achieve control debt. Furthermore, fiscal adjustment must be done without tax increases because they are harmful dynamic efficiency economy....

The monoclinic unit cell of Bis(hydrazineH) pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate contains singly protonated hydrazine cations and doubly deprotonated pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylate anions. Atoms forming the pyrazine ring are coplanar (r.m.s. 0.0075(1) Å). Carboxylate groups form dihedral angles with the pyrazine ring of 1.7(2)° (C7/O1/O2) and 89.3(2)° (C8/O3/O4). An extended hydrogen bond network is observed...