Grammatical Evolution (GE) is an evolutionary system that employs variable length linear chromosomes to represent computer programs. GE uses the individuals to produce derivation trees that adhere to a Backus Naur Form grammar, which are then mapped onto a program. One unusual characteristic of the system is the manner in which chromosomes can be “wrapped”, that is, if an individual has used up...

A system for automatic composition using grammatical evolution is presented. Music is created under the constraints of a generative grammar, and under the bias of an automatic fitness function and evolutionary selection. This combination of two methods is seen to be powerful and flexible. Human evaluation of automatically-evolved pieces shows that a more sophisticated grammar in combination wit...

The purpose of this paper is to present a method of solving the Shrödinger Equation (SE) by Genetic Algorithms and Grammatical Evolution. The method forms generations of trial solutions expressed in an analytical form. We illustrate the effectiveness of this method providing, for example, the results of its application to a quantum system minimal energy, and we compare these results with those ...

There have been many approaches to modularity in the field of evolutionary computation, each tailored to function with a particular representation. This research examines one approach to modularity and grammar modification with a grammar-based approach to genetic programming, grammatical evolution (GE). Here, GE’s grammar was modified over the course of an evolutionary run with modules in order...

Physics-based animal animations require data for realistic motion. This data is expensive to acquire through motion capture and inaccurate when estimated by an artist. Grammatical Evolution (GE) can be used to optimise pre-existing motion data or generate novel motions. Optimised motion data produces sustained locomotion in a physics-based model. To explore the use of GE for gait optimisation, ...

Conjecturing formulas and other symbolic relations occurs frequently in number theory and combinatorics. If we could automate conjecturing, we could benefit not only from faster conjecturing but also from finding conjectures previously out of our grasp. Grammatical evolution, a genetic programming technique, can be used for automated conjecturing in mathematics. Concretely, this work describes ...

Artists and scientists require tools to construct physics-based animal models. However, animating these models requires motion data for realistic movement. Motion data may either be measured from real-life animals-in-motion or generated using an optimisation approach. We propose a solution for retargeting gait data from one animal to another. The retargeted gait cycles are generated using a Gra...

Fetal heart rate (FHR) variations reflect the level of oxygenation and blood pressure of the fetus. Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM), the continuous monitoring of the FHR, was introduced into clinical practice in the late 1960s and since then it has been considered as an indispensable tool for fetal surveillance. However, EFM evaluation and its merit is still an open field of controversy, main...

This paper describes a new method of evolution that is named Transplant Evolution (TE). None of the individuals of the transplant evolution contains genotype as in Grammatical Evolution (GE). Each individual of the transplant evolution contains the phenotype in the tree structure. Reproduction methods as crossover and mutation work with parts of phenotypes (sub-trees). The hierarchical structur...

We describe an investigation into the design of different grammars on Grammatical Evolution. As part of this investigation we introduce introns using the grammar as a mechanism by which they may be incorporated into Grammatical Evolution. We establish that a bias exists towards certain production rules for each non-terminal in the grammar, and propose alternative mechanisms by which this bias m...