Defocusing effects in modulation transfer function (MTF) measurement of charge coupled device (CCD) cameras is the main focus of current paper. We introduce measuring Point-spread function (PSF) in order to calculate the MTF and further more we will study the shape of MTF and its cut-off frequency by adjusting the lens focusing in different locations. A collimated white light LED by broadband s...

A generalization of frequency modulation is developed in which state trajectories of dynamical systems are used as carrier waves. Our focus is on the design and analysis of modulators and demodulators for such generalized frequency modulation systems. In particular, we show that for a class of dynamical systems, among which are certain chaotic systems, it is possible to develop a general approa...

Continued investigation of Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM) has led to an extension, called Generalized Tamed Frequency Modulation (GTFM). The features of GTFM are based on the possibility to select different combinations of parameters which characterize the process of waveform generation. This still allows for the generation of a constant envelope modulated signal with a spectrum similar to TF...

SMIQ is a signal generator capable of digital and analog modulation for use in the development and production of digital mobile-radio receivers and components as well as for general-purpose measurements (FIG 1). Its frequency range covers all common mobile-radio frequencies and applications in the IF range. The generator comes in four models: SMIQ02, SMIQ03, SMIQ02E and SMIQ03E. The figures 02 ...

Lawrence Der, Ph.D. Silicon Laboratories Inc. Introduction Edwin H. Armstrong, known as one of the founding fathers of radio technology, invented the superheterodyne radio receiver in 1918 and frequency modulation (FM) in 1933 [1]. These two concepts, along with his regenerative circuit technique developed in 1912, formed the basis of radio frequency electronics as we know it today. In the Unit...