We show a theorem proving that non-local bosonic field upon covariant interaction with confining gauge undergoes the confinement of its degrees freedom present in free theory changing completely physical mass spectrum following Kugo-Ojima criterion. This is applicable to an infinite number excitations including ghosts whereas we pay special attention modes complex conjugate masses, states appea...

Non-canonical degrees of freedom provide one the most promising routes towards characterising a range important phenomena in condensed matter physics. Potential candidates include pseudogap regime cuprates, heavy-fermion behaviour, and also indeed magnetically ordered systems. Nevertheless it remains an open question whether non-canonical algebras can fact legitimate quantum freedom. In this pa...

In this paper, a plane quadrilateral element with rotational degrees of freedom is developed. Present formulation is based on a hybrid functional with independent boundary displacement and internal optimum strain field. All the optimality constraints, including being rotational invariant, omitting the parasitic shear error and satisfying Fliepa’s pure bending test, are considered. Moreover, the...

Gait rehabilitation using body weight support on a treadmill is a recommended rehabilitation technique for neurological injuries, such as spinal cord injury. In this paper, a new robotic orthosis is presented for treadmill training. In the presented design the criteria such as low inertia of robot components, backdrivability, high safety and degrees of freedom based on human walking are conside...