نتایج جستجو برای: estimated costs
تعداد نتایج: 431105 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to perform a critical and systematic literature review of studies on societal costs due to hearing disorders. DESIGN We used predefined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Systematic searches were conducted in Medline, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and other relevant websites. The review included studies written in English or Swedish be...
Influenza disease burden is recognized as one of the major public health problems globally. Much less is known about the economic burden of influenza especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A recent systematic review on the economic burden of influenza in LMICs suggests that information is scarce and/or incomplete and that there is a lack of standardized approaches for cost eval...
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to estimate the annual direct costs of complications associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant women in the United States. METHODS An economic model was developed from evidence in the published literature linking perinatal complications to BV. The estimates of attributable risks were applied to the estimated population of pregnant women in the Un...
Parasites, by definition, extract energy from their hosts and thus affect trophic and food web dynamics even when the parasite may have limited effects on host population size. We studied the energetic costs of mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in wolves (Canis lupus) using thermal cameras to estimate heat losses associated with compromised insulation during the winter. We combined the field data of kn...
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