The yeast membrane protein Kex2p uses a tyrosine-containing motif within the cytoplasmic domain for localization to a late Golgi compartment. Because Golgi membrane proteins mislocalized to the plasma membrane in yeast can undergo endocytosis, we examined whether the Golgi localization sequence or other sequences in the Kex2p cytoplasmic domain mediate endocytosis. To assess endocytic function,...

At synapses in the mammalian brain, continuous information transfer requires the long-term maintenance of homeostatic coupling between exo- and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Because classical endocytosis is orders of magnitude slower than the millisecond-range exocytosis of vesicles, high frequency vesicle fusion could potentially compromise structural stability of synapses. However, the mo...

beta1 integrins are major cell surface receptors for fibronectin. Some integrins, including beta1 integrins, are known to undergo constitutive endocytosis and recycling. Integrin endocytosis/recycling has been implicated in the regulation of cell migration. However, the mechanisms by which integrin endocytosis/recycling regulates cell migration, and other biological consequences of integrin tra...

Nerve terminals are highly enriched in proteins needed for endocytosis. Although constitutive and ligand-stimulated endocytosis take place in nerve terminals, the primary type is compensatory endocytosis — the process by which a cell retrieves the additional membrane added to cell surface by a regulated secretory event. This process has been extensively characterized using electrophysiological ...

Mechanical force is needed to mediate endocytosis. Whether actin, the most abundant force-generating molecule, is essential for endocytosis is highly controversial in mammalian cells, particularly synapses, likely due to the use of actin blockers, the efficiency and specificity of which are often unclear in the studied cell. Here we addressed this issue using a knockout approach combined with m...

Previously we have shown that expression of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP17 is required for cell proliferation and motility. More recently we reported that USP17 deubiquitinates RCE1 isoform 2 and thus regulates the processing of 'CaaX' motif proteins. Here we now show that USP17 expression is induced by epidermal growth factor and that USP17 expression is required for clathrin mediated endoc...

The review reports on the secretion pathways of main virulence factor Vibrio cholerae , cholera toxin, both through two-stage Sec-dependent type 2 system and with help vesicles outer membrane V. cholerae. ways toxin transfer into host organism, depending its form, are discussed. well-studied free soluble is secreted extracellularly transmitted in a GM1-dependent manner cholesterolrich lipid raf...

Human NPC1L1 protein mediates cholesterol absorption in the intestine and liver and is the target of the drug ezetimibe, which is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Previous studies concluded that NPC1L1-GFP protein trafficking is regulated by cholesterol binding and that ezetimibe blocks NPC1L1-GFP function by inhibiting its endocytosis. We used cell surface biotinylation to monitor NPC1L1-GF...

Endocytosis of the ligand delta; is required for activation of the receptor Notch during Drosophila development. The Notch extracellular domain (NotchECD) dissociates from the Notch intracellular domain (NotchICD) and is trans-endocytosed into delta;-expressing cells in wild-type imaginal discs. Reduction of dynamin-mediated endocytosis in developing eye and wing imaginal discs reduces Notch di...

BACKGROUND Following exocytosis at the synapse, synaptic vesicle components are recovered by endocytosis. Morphological analysis has suggested that this occurs by a clathrin-mediated pathway, and the GTPase dynamin is thought to be involved in 'pinching off' endocytosing vesicles. The finding that the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin can dephosphorylate dynamin and two other proteins i...