Sir,—We wish to comment on the study of Espinet and colleagues [1] who investigated the combined effect of thoracic extradural local anaesthetic block and administration of diclofenac either 30 min before or 30 min after skin incision on post-hysterectomy pain and analgesic consumption. They found that the timing of analgesia made no difference to pain scores or postoperative analgesic requirem...

Arch Bone Joint Surg. 2014;2(1): 82-83. http://abjs.mums.ac.ir the online version of this article abjs.mums.ac.ir To the Editor Mardani-Kivi et al presented results about a triple blinded randomized controlled trial with gabapentin in patients that underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (1). In their manuscript, the introduction section is very illustrative about the subject....

pain has been dominated by an outdated conceptualization of pain.1 Pain is viewed as the end-product of a passive transmission system that faithfully transmits a peripheral signal to the spinal cord and on up to a pain centre in the brain. This view has led to an approach of managing postoperative pain that does not provide adequate control of pain, in part, because it focuses on treating the p...

This review describes the beneficial effects of the use of epidural drugs for pre-emptive analgesia, intraoperative analgesia with an inhalant-sparing effect, and prolonged postoperative analgesia. Epidural morphine oxymorphone, or hydromorphone is recommended for use in small animals in combination with a local anesthetic of appropriate duration for procedures involving the hind end, although ...

BACKGROUND Quantification of pain plays a vital role in the diagnosis and management of pain in animals. In order to refine and validate an acute pain scale for horses a prospective, randomized, blinded study was conducted. Twenty-four client owned adult horses were recruited and allocated to one of four following groups: anaesthesia only (GA); pre-emptive analgesia and anaesthesia (GAA,); anae...

BackgroundPostoperative pain is a type of nociceptive that originates from tissue damage due to trauma caused by surgery. Pre-emptive analgesia treatment starts before surgery, prevent or reduce the establishment sensitization dorsal horn neurons injury, sensitized being supposed amplify postoperative pain. consists administering analgesic medication is, reception, transmission, modulation, and...