When people learn that I study lethal injection, they are usually curious to know more (or at least they are polite enough to ask questions). Interestingly, the question that arises most often— from lawyers, law students, and laypeople—is why states behave as they do. In the wake of botched executions and ample evidence of lethal injection‘s dangers, why do states fail to address their executio...

A student, supported by his classmates, throws a piece of chalk at the teacher who is writing on the blackboard. The teacher rapidly turns back and promptly catches him in the act. The student blushes and suddenly realizes how bad it was what he did. What happened to the guy? Why did he decide to throw the piece of chalk? And why, after a few seconds, he would have liked that what he did had ne...

We study normalising reduction strategies for infinitary Combinatory Reduction Systems (iCRSs). We prove that all fair, outermost-fair, and needed-fair strategies are normalising for orthogonal, fully-extended iCRSs. These facts properly generalise a number of results on normalising strategies in first-order infinitary rewriting and provide the first examples of normalising strategies for infin...

In this paper we review some well-known theory about reduction strategies of various kinds: normalizing, outermost-fair, cofinal, Church-Rosser. A stumbling block in the definition of such strategies is the presence of reduction cycles that may ‘trap’ a strategy as it is memory-free. We exploit a recently (re)discovered fact that there are no reduction cycles in orthogonal rewrite systems when ...

The final output from e-learning classes is relatively lower than in face-to-face learning. Only highly motivated and well oriented e-learners are successful ones. The instructor’s role in this case is obvious, mainly with the features of its personal presence. Based on the author’s own experience and literature review, this paper discusses the teacher’s presence and immediacy as activities aim...

An important goal of quality improvement in manufacturing is the reduction of variability in product characteristics. Producing more consistent output improves product performance and may reduce manufacturing costs. This article discusses and contrasts five generic variation reduction strategies that encompass all current methods. The five are: output inspection, feed-back control, reduction of...

Nowadays, university students suffer from a broad range of problems, such as educational underachievement or the inability to control themselves, that lead to procrastination as a consequence. The present research aimed at analyzing the determinants of decisional procrastination among undergraduate students and at assessing a path model in which self regulated learning strategies mediated the r...