The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) has a high prevalence of intestinal side effects in humans and rats. It has been reported that Mrp2 transporter deficient rats (Mrp2) are more resistant to DCF induced intestinal toxicity. This was explained in vivo by impaired Mrp2-dependent biliary transport of DCF-acylglucuronide (DAG), leading to decreased intestinal exposure to DAG ...

The role of reactive metabolites and inflammatory stress has been largely evoked in idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of diclofenac (DCF); however mechanisms remain poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the influence of liver cell phenotype on the hepatotoxicity of DCF combined or not with TNF-α using differentiated and undifferentiated HepaRG cells, and for comparison, HepG2 cells. Our results de...

Small intestinal ulceration is a frequent and potentially serious condition associated with nonselective cyclooxygenase 1/2 inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) including diclofenac (DCF). An initial topical effect involving mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis, but the exact mechanisms of NSAID-induced enteropathy are unknown. We aimed at investigating whet...

Small intestinal ulceration, bleeding, and inflammation are major adverse effects associated with the use of diclofenac (DCF) or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The underlying mechanisms of DCF enteropathy are poorly understood, but there is increasing evidence that topical effects are involved. The aim of this study was to explore the role of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) ...

The detection of low levels of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments has lately raised concerns regarding possible adverse effects of these highly active substances on aquatic organisms. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the pharmaceutical substances regularly detected in surface waters and has lately been demonstrated to elicit adverse effects in salmonid sp...

Recently there have been considerable interests focusing on the enhancement of Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs), which are a collection of wireless mobile stations forming a selfconfiguring network without using any existing infrastructure. The Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol has been widely employed to control the shared wireless mediu...

gastric cancer has been known as a poor prognosis disease with a high degree of mortality. in iran, it has been increased during the previous two decades, especially in northern part of the country. the aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of gastric cancer in mazandaran province. all patients with gastric cancer diagnosis treated in the imam khomeini ...

PURPOSE To establish a new fluorophotometric method to quantitate oxidative stress in the retina in vivo with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-sensitive fluorescent dye. METHODS For in vitro fluorophotometric study, nonfluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) was incubated with H2O2 (10 pM to 100 nM), and the production of fluorescent 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) was measured with fluorophot...

The upcoming standard for wireless LANs DFWMAC1 developed by the IEEE2 802.11 working group consists of two parts the distributed coordination function DCF that is based on a contention scheme and the point coordination function PCF based on a contention free scheme. The DCF is CSMA/CA like access protocol with several extensions. In this paper, following a short presentation of the elements in...