The universal criterion for ultrafast vortex-core switching between the up- and down-core bistates in soft magnetic nanodots is investigated by micromagnetic simulations along with vortex-core switching that occurs whenever the velocity of vortex-core motion reaches its critical velocity, upsilon cri = (1.66 +/- 0.18) gamma mean square root of Aex (e.g., upsilon cri = 330 +/- 37 m/s for Permall...

The cry-b sequence, encoding a basic elicitin (cryptogein B) from Phytophthora cryptogea, was co-transformed into Phytophthora infestans. The copy number of the cry-b sequence varied in co-transformants. Nevertheless, in all cases the alien elicitin gene was transcribed, translated and the protein secreted in vitro from such transformants. Moreover, the secreted cryptogein B from P. infestans c...

The nucleotide sequences of 3 homologous crystal protein genes (cry A1,A2,A3) from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and subsp. thuringiensis have been reported previously (1, 2, 3, respectively). We report the nucleotide sequence of an additional crystal protein gene {cry hi) from B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis strain HD2 that differs markedly in the aminoterminal region from the 3...

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture. Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes coding for Cry proteins have been introduced into agricultural crops using modern biotechnology. The Cry gene sequences are often modified to enable effective expression in planta and several Cry proteins have...

BACKGROUND Circadian clocks are synchronized to the solar day via visual and specialized photoreceptors. In Drosophila, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) is a major photoreceptor that mediates resetting of the circadian clock via light-dependent degradation of the clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). However, in the absence of CRY, this TIM-mediated resetting still occurs in some pacemaker neurons, resulting in sync...

Genetically modified, insect-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton is cultivated extensively in Pakistan. Past studies, however, have raised concerns about the prevalence of Bt cotton varieties possessing weak or nonperforming insect-resistance traits conferred by the cry gene. We examine this issue using data drawn from a representative sample of cotton-growing households that were surv...

Lunar cycle-associated physiology has been found in a wide variety of organisms. Recent study has revealed that mRNA levels of Cryptochrome (Cry), one of the circadian clock genes, were significantly higher on a full moon night than on a new moon night in coral, implying the involvement of a photoreception system in the lunar-synchronized spawning. To better establish the generalities surroundi...

Karenia brevis (C. C. Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup is a dinoflagellate responsible for red tides in the Gulf of Mexico. The signaling pathways regulating its cell cycle are of interest because they are the key to the formation of toxic blooms that cause mass marine animal die-offs and human illness. Karenia brevis displays phased cell division, in which cells enter S phase at precise times rela...

AIMS To screen for Bacillus thuringiensis strains from avocado orchards in two Mexican states with lepidopteran-specific cry gene content and evaluate their insecticidal activity against Argyrotaenia sp., an undescribed species present in avocado orchards. METHODS AND RESULTS Lepidopteran-active cry1, cry2 and cry9 genes were detected by PCR analysis in 37 isolates. cry1 genes were more frequ...

pod borer is one of the main causes for yield loss of chickpea. therefore, breeding of chickpea for resistance to this pest is important. the use of cry toxin from bacillus thuringiensis is an effective strategy for producing of transgenic resistant chickpea to this pest. these toxins are able to become active in the midgut of larvae and disrupt the insect's digestive system. we studied the sta...