1095-1291 yılları arasında devam eden Haçlı seferlerinin karanlık ilişkileri ve çarpık tarafları içinde kölelik köle ticareti önemli bir yer işgal etmiştir. Türkistan, Deşt-i Kıpçak gibi bölgelerden olarak getirilip Suriye Mısır’da eğitilen memlükler, idareci, emir, hatta sultan işler başardıkları emirlerindeki kökenli askerleri de büyük zaferlere imza atmışlardır. 1268’de Antakya Prensliği’ni ...

the process of the transformation in the ismaili sect and its interal branches can be very helpful in studying ismaili's position taking against its opponents. the climax of the mentioned process coincides with crusades during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. the hostility of shiism against ismaili has an idiological basis, however sunni's general enmity towards ismaili, in additio...

It is fitting that I begin by letting you know how much I value the compliment you pay me in asking me to address you on the occasion of the opening of the new session. It is a great honour to have Mr. Corkey introduce me to this distinguished audience. To our younger colleagues here for the first time, I would like to add a few words of welcome to those of our Chairman and to say that you have...

"If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same" (Kipling, "If', 1910)' On May 25th, 1886, Victor Horsley, then aged 29 years, another brilliant recent recruit to the burgeoning National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic in Queen Square, performed his first brain operation on a patient.2 There was no tradition of neurological surgery, so there could...

The paper attempts to assess the state of Christianity as a power mechanism. There are certain speculations which seem to argue that historically Christianity has served as a mechanism to aggregate power for the political and religious establishment of the time through the means of emerging with the Roman Empire, Crusades, and Colonialism. Although at particular times, Christianity has been use...

“Literacy is at the heart of world development and human rights,” writes Federico Mayor in the opening line of his foreword to Literacy: An International Handbook.’ Although this quote comes from only one of the texts from which this essay builds, it could actually be the opening line of any of the three books: Literacy as a Moral Imperative, Literacy for the Twenty-First Century, and Literacy:...

After reviewing the scholarly debate on sacralization of war and symbolic centrality Jerusalem in notion crusade, this essay focuses propagandistic elaboration Holy Land image context debates Avignon period, paying specific attention to works Marino Sanudo. In context, temporal distance from first crusades need assert continuity with their tradition enhance recovery Jerusalem, place Christ’s sa...